Chapter 11: Enlightenment: Science and the New Learning
Galileo's law of falling bodies proved facts about what phenomenon?
Gravity
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the Enlightenment's most outspoken critics for which reason?
He emphasized instinct over reason.
What did Jean-Antoine Houdon sculpt?
portrait busts and life-sized sculptures
What was the primary target of Hogarth's visual satire, The Marriage Transaction?
Arranged marriages for money and status
Why is Haydn's Symphony No. 94 known as the "Surprise Symphony"?
Because of an unexpected fortissimo instrumental crash on a weak beat in the second movement
What were the foundations of the Scientific Revolution?
Empirical method Use of mathematical theory Development of new measuring instruments
True or false: The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuits could not impact society.
False
Voltaire was the pen name for which author?
Francois Marie Arouet
Which statements about Voltaire are true?
He was educated by Jesuits. He condemned organized religion and religious fanaticism.
Neoclassicism was inspired and fueled by the archaeological excavations of which locations?
Herculaneum and Pompeii
Which of the following statements about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart are true?
His father was a composer He composed music as a child He performed in many concerts as a child
What makes Voltaire's Candide a work of satire?
His portrayal of Enlightenment optimism as naive.
What is true about William Hogarth and his prints?
Hogarth's prints were so popular that they were often pirated and sold without his consent.
The ideals expressed in the American Declaration of Independence were influenced most by which two thinkers?
John Locke & Charles Montesquieu
What principle by Isaac Newton stated that every particle of matter attracts every other particle of matter?
Law of universal gravity
What was a main topic in Johannes Kepler's New Astronomy?
Laws of planetary motion
What was the voyage on which slaves were transported between Africa and the America called?
Middle Passage
Jean-Antoine Houdon's sculpture is ______ in style.
Neoclassical
Which is true about Neoclassical architecture?
Neoclassical architects took inspiration from simple geometric shapes.
What can be said about the rise of newspapers and periodicals in the eighteenth century?
Prose style became more informal.
What was the foundation for the new social sciences that emerged during the Enlightenment?
Reason
A proponent of constitutional monarchy, Montesquieu advocated for what governing precept?
Separation of the powers of state
In the eighteenth century, what was the primary product for which Europeans enslaved African people?
Sugar
What scientific instrument did Galileo perfect?
Telescope
Which industry was transformed first in the Industrial Revolution (around 1700 to 1800)?
Textile manufacturing
What is so "surprising" about Haydn's Symphony No. 94 in G Major, known as the "Surprise" Symphony?
The sudden fortissimo in the middle of a quiet passage
Which of the following elements of The Oath of the Horatii mark it as Neoclassical in style?
The use of hard contours and somber colors The archaeological correctness of elements such as clothing and helmets The figures stand on a horizontal line of the picture plane
The American Declaration of Independence's expression of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" as "unalienable rights" is based on the Enlightenment concept of ________ law
natural
The belief that universal principles should govern human behavior was known as
Natural Law
Which of the following statements are true about music during the classical era?
Order and formality were emphasized over spontaneity and improvisation. Composers sought the patronage of wealthy aristocrats, at whose courts they often served.
John Locke's understanding of the mind as a blank slate meant that human knowledge was gained through what means?
Perceived experience
John Locke understood the mind as a blank slate, also known by what phrase?
Tabula rasa
Eighteenth-century genre paintings tended to reflect ______ values, like the contemporary novel and theater.
middle-class
Montesquieu condemned ________ as "unnatural and evil."
slavery
The instrument group that forms the nucleus of an orchestra is the
strings
The instrument group that forms the nucleus of an orchestra is the _________
strings
In France, the lower and middle classes were known as the ______ Estate.
Third
Who proclaimed that the American Revolution had done more to enlighten the world and promote freedom than any other event?
Thomas Paine
What does this painting, The Oath of the Horatii, depict?
Three brothers swearing to fight to the death to defend Roman liberty
What was the goal of Diderot's Encylopedie?
To transform society through knowledge
In the eighteenth century __________, music was made distinct from popular or folk music.
classical
René Descartes developed his philosophical ideas through _______ reasoning
deductive
Johannes Kepler proved that the orbits of the planets are ______.
elliptical
Francis Bacon promoted the use of direct, systematic observation for scientific discovery, or the _______ method.
empirical
How is Adam Smith generally known?
father of modern economics
In addition to its broader meaning, classical music refers to music composed between approximately what years?
1760 and 1820
Which facts are true about taxation in pre-revolutionary France?
All taxes were paid by the lower and middle classes. Almost four-fifth of a the average peasant's income was paid in taxes.
What natural disaster cast doubt on Voltaire's beliefs that a good God had created the universe or that humans were by nature rational?
An earthquake and tidal wave in Lisbon, Portugal that killed over 20,000 people in 1755.
The author of On the Workings of the Human Body was physician
Andreas Vesalius
What emerged in the eighteenth century?
Daily newspapers Magazines
Who was the publisher of the famous Encyclopédie?
Denis Diderot
What were the steps for proper reasoning, as advocated by Rene Descartes?
Do not accept something as true if you do not clearly know it to be true. Draw complete conclusions. Break a problem into parts.
Which social sciences emerged during the Enlightenment?
Economics & Sociology
True or false: Composers were directly inspired by the music of Greece and Rome.
False
True or false: Inductive reasoning begins with a known general principle and uses that to establish particular truths.
False
True or false: The philosophes were interested in developing new ideas, but felt that intellectual pursuit could not impact society.
False
How does Neoclassical architecture compare to earlier architectural styles?
It is geometric and austere
Who wrote: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What rights are part of the Enlightenment concept of natural rights?
Liberty, Life, and Property
What were some of the social effects of early industrialization?
Long working hours under dangerous conditions
The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman was
Mary Wollstonecraft
Who were the eighteenth-century figures who explicitly argued for women's rights?
Mary Wollstonecraft & Antoine Nicolas de Condorcet
Newton's discoveries promoted the idea that the physical world could be described by what approach?
Mathematics
The term "___________" style derives from rocaille, the French word for ornate rock or shellwork that ornamented gardens or grottoes.
Rococo
What style emerged at the end of the Baroque era is described as rich in ornamentation, delicate and playful?
Rococo
What style of eighteenth-century visual art earned the disapproval of many philosophes, prompting Denis Diderot to demand an art that made "virtue attractive and vice odious?"
Rococo
Where did the philosophes develop and disseminate their ideas?
Salons in Parisian town houses
Neoclassicism differed from earlier revivals of classical ideals due to what circumstance?
Scientific studies of ancient ruins.
Which resulted within a few years from the end of the French Revolution?
The execution of tens of thousands of people The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen
According to Adam Smith, what is the primary basis for wealth in the natural economic order?
The labor of self-interested individuals
The 1700s saw the development of which of the following musical instruments?
The piano & clarinet
What principle of the Enlightenment helped to light the spark of the American Revolution?
The power of reason
Which are the characteristics of the paintings of Antoine Watteau?
The pursuit of pleasure The fleeting nature of love
Which composer was a child prodigy who wrote his first symphony at the age of eight and was able to write down entire compositions perfectly after hearing them played only once?
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Who painted this work, the Departure from the Island of Cythera?
Antoine Watteau