Chapter 11: Essential Peripherals

USB cable power

-5.0 VDC -100 to 50 mA current

USB system has 2 primary elements

-Software -hardware

UBS software

-USB Device Drivers -USB Driver -Host Controller Driver

USB Hardware

-USB Host Controller/Root HUB -USB hubs -USB devices

USB's 3 communication layers

-USB bus interface layer -USB device layer -function layer

4 types of USB transfers

-bulk -isochronous -interrupt -control

High Speed Cable

-cable must be both shielded and twisted pair -max cable length is 5m

Key Operations of Root Hub

-controls power to USB ports -enables and disables ports -recognizes devices attached to ports -sets and reports status events associated with each port

Key functions of USB System Software

-device config -bandwith allocation -manage control flow between client and device -control the electrical interference -transaction statistics

USB Registers

-indirectly accessed by USB device drivers -known as USB device endpoints

USB Host Controllers

-initiates transactions of the USB system -conducts read and write transactions

USB Device Drivers

-issue request to USB driver using I/O request packets (IRPs) -IRP initiates transfer to or from a target USB device

USB advantages

-low cost -hot pluggable -single host connector type -connect 127 devices -cable power -no system resource requirement -power conservation

Root Hub

-provides connection points for USB devices -every transaction on the USB generates here -Error checking

USB Driver

-provides interfaces and services for client software drivers -allocates bus bandwith -manages configuration process

USB Bus interface layer

-provides low-level transfer of data over USB cables -consists of physical connection, electrical signaling environment, packet transfer mechanisms -USB Host Controller/Hub, USB Bus interface

USB Series A connectors

-provides the UBS port connection to the USB cable -Series A receptacle is the hub port connector while the other end is permanently attached to the device

USB Function Layer

-relationship between client software and device's interface -USB device drivers must use the USB driver programming interface to access their drive -client software, function

A common peripheral is a keyboard, and mouse. EXAM also considers the following as standard peripherals

-smart card readers -Bar code readers -touch screens -motion sensors -gamepads and joysticks -webcams -digial cameras -TV tuners -Video capture -Smart TV and setup boxes

Transactions are made up of:

-token packets -data packets -handshake packets

Host Controller Driver (HCD)

-transaction info is passed there -controls operation of the host controller -schedules transactions -monitors completion status of transactions

USB Device Layer

-understands the USB communication and the type of transfer required by the USB device -USB system software, USB Logical device

USB 3.0

-up to 5.0 Gb/s throughput -uses dedicated in and out lanes -will not use broadcast bus technology -all packets will be routed to individual devices

FireWire comes in two speeds

1. IEEE 1394a and b:two versions of Firewire, which transfer data at 400 and 800 Mbps.

USB devices enter a "suspend" state after ___ms of no bus activity

3 ms

USB ports

A USB port is a standard cable connection interface for personal computers and consumer electronics devices. USB stands for Universal Serial Bus, an industry standard for short-distance digital data communications. USB ports allow USB devices to be connected to each other with and transfer digital data over USB cables

USB cables and connectors

A. B, mini-A, mini-B, micro-A, micro-B, and Type C. USB ports and connectors are for interfacing with the PC. Most peripherals use B, mini-B or micro-B connectors and ports. Micro connections popular on smartphones Type C connectors enable any USB device to connect.

Sounds vary according to loudness (AMPLITUDE), how high or low their ton (FREQUENCY) and the qualities that differentiate the same note played on different instruments (TIMBRE).

All the characteristics of a particular sound wave - amplitude, frequency, timbre - need to be recorded and translated into ones and zeros to reproduce that sound accurately within the computer and out your speakers

The main difference between the two is that FireWire is made to handle more data than USB, particularly audio and visual information. For example, a 2.0 USB can handle a data transfer rate of 480 Mbps, whereas an 800 FireWire can take on 800 Mbps.

Although FireWire 400 is faster at most tasks than USB 2.0 (even though FireWire 400's theoretical bandwidth is lower than USB 2.0's) it isn't always, or by much. If you're looking for speed, FireWire 800 crushes USB on both systems in all four tests we ran.

Touch screens can be put into two groups: built-in screens like in smartphones and standalone touch screen monitors like those used in many point of sale systems.

Applets is how you tell the touch screen to interact, behave

Every USB device connected to a single host adapter/root hub SHARES that USB bus with every device connected to it. The more you place on a single host adapter, the more total USB bus slows down and more power they use.

BUS POWERED USB devices take power from the USB bus itself.

In general, your connection will operate at the speed of the slowest device involved. If you have a USB 2.0 device connection to a USB 3.x port on your PC, it will operate at USB 2.0 speeds.

Cable length important: get high-quality USB cable. They come with extra shielding and improved electrical performance.

B connector

D-Shaped connector that plugs into a hub, printer, or other peripheral device to connect the device to the computer

Multimedia Devices

Digital cameras and camcorders electronically simulate older film and tape technology. Techs need to know the basics

To use a KVM, simply connector keyboard, mouse and monitor to the KVM and then connect the KVM to the desired computers. Once connected and properly configured, assigned keyboard hotkeys, enable you to toggle between the computers and KVM. In most cases you simply tap SCROLL LOCK key twice to switch between sessions.

Don't cross the cables or nothing will work

Like USB ports (or any other ports for that matter) you can always add more FireWire ports using a PCI and PCIe expansion card.

EXAM TIP: Know the characteristics and purposes of USB, FireWire and Thunderbolt connection interfaces for the exam

USBs are backward compatible

EXAM TIP: focus on USB 1.1, 2.0 and 3.0

USB HUBS:

Each USB host controller supports up to USB devices theoretically. A USB hub is a device that extends a single USB connection to two or more USB ports always directly from one of the USB ports connected to the root hub. USB hubs are often embedded into peripherals. HUBS in powered and bus-powered versions.

USB Connectors

Each connector has 4 contacts: -1 VCC -2 Data -3 Data -4 Ground Power connectors are longer

Sound Cards

Every modern motherboard comes to sound-processing capabilities built-in. By default, techs refer to built-in sound as either built-in sound or as a SOUND CARD, even when there's no expansion card for sound.

Hub Reporter

Forwards transactions to and from the USB and the host controller

Gamepads and Joysticks

Gamepad is the controller I use for gaming

Be aware that FLAC files are high quality files and that converting them to MP3 or AAC will permanently delete much of the data from the original music files. To maintain the integrity of FLAC files it is important that they are converted to a lossless or uncompressed file format such as Apple Lossless, AIFF or WAV.

However, it's still a lossless format, which means the audio quality is still the same as the original source, so it's much better for listening than WAV and AIFF. It's also free and open source, which is handy if you're into that sort of thing. Apple Lossless: Also known as ALAC, Apple Lossless is similar to FLAC http://www.audio-issues.com/home-recording-studio/demystifying-audio-formats-what-format-should-you-record-in/

Both FireWire and USB are technologies used to connect devices to a computer and transfer data quickly. FireWire is also known by the term IEEE 1394 High Performance Serial Bus, and USB stands for Universal Serial Bus.

IEEE 1394 is an interface standard for a serial bus for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. It was developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Apple, which called it FireWire. ... The 1394 interface is comparable to USB though USB requires a master controller and has greater market share.

Thunderbolt has great bandwith runs full duplex at 10 Gps. No. 2 version will run up to 40 Gps.

If you are sure a port is not working, check three things: make sure the port is turned on. Any port can be turned off in CMOS. Reboot the system and find the device to see if the port's been turned off. You can use Windows Device Manager to disable most ports. Click on to enable. Ports need drivers just as devices need drivers. Windows has good built-in drivers for all common ports. If if you fail to see a port in Device Manager and you know via CMOS it is turned on, you can bet the port has a physical problem

A KVM Switch is a hardware device, used in data centers, that allows the control of multiple computers from a single keyboard, monitor and mouse (KVM). [4] This switch then allows data center personnel to connect to any server in the rack. A common example of home use is to enable the use of the full-size keyboard, mouse and monitor of the home PC with a portable device such as a laptop, tablet PC or PDA, or a computer using a different operating system. KVM switches offer different methods of connecting the computers. Depending on the product, the switch may present native connectors on the device where standard keyboard, monitor and mouse cables can be attached. Another method to have a single DB25 or similar connector that aggregated connections at the switch with three independent keyboard, monitor and mouse cables to the computers. Subsequently, these were replaced by a special KVM cable which combined the keyboard, video and mouse cables in a single wrapped extension cable. The advantage of the last approach is in the reduction of the number of cables between the KVM switch and connected computers. The disadvantage is the cost of these cables. The method of switching from one computer to another depends on the switch. The original peripheral switches (Rose, circa 1988) used a rotary switch while active electronic switches (Cybex, circa 1990) used push buttons on the KVM device. In both cases, the KVM aligns operation between different computers and the users' keyboard, monitor and mouse (user console). In 1992-1993, Cybex Corporation engineered keyboard hot-key commands.[citation needed] Today, most KVMs are controlled through non-invasive hot-key commands (e.g. Ctrl+Ctrl, Scroll Lock+Scroll Lock and the Print Screen keys). Hot-key switching is often complemented with an on-screen display system that displays a list of connected computers. KVM switches differ in the number of computers that can be connected. Traditional switching configurations range from 2 to 64 possible computers attached to a single device. Enterprise-grade devices interconnected via daisy-chained and/or cascaded methods can support a total of 512 computers equally accessed by any given user console.[5] Multi-way Channel Selection can be found with new generation of KVM switches - via built-in IR remote sensor control - via built-in RS-232 port for serial commands and control - via On mouse click-switch - fast switch using some function buttons for system selection - via touchscreen sensing/control

KVM switches were originally passive, mechanical devices based on multi-pole switches and some of the cheapest devices on the market still use this technology. Mechanical switches usually have a rotary knob to select between computers. KVMs typically allow sharing of two or four computers, with a practical limit of about twelve machines imposed by limitations on available switch configurations. Modern hardware designs use active electronics rather than physical switch contacts with the potential to control many computers on a common system backbone. One limitation of mechanical KVM switches is that any computer not currently selected by the KVM switch does not 'see' a keyboard or mouse connected to it. In normal operation this is not a problem, but while the machine is booting up it will attempt to detect its keyboard and mouse and either fail to boot or boot with an unwanted (e.g. mouseless) configuration. Likewise, a failure to detect the monitor may result in the computer falling back to 640x480 resolution. Thus, mechanical KVM switches may be unsuitable for controlling machines which can reboot automatically (e.g. after a power failure). Another problem encountered with mechanical devices is the failure of one or more switch contacts to make firm, low resistance electrical connections, often necessitating some wiggling or adjustment of the knob to correct patchy colors on screen or unreliable peripheral response. Gold-plated contacts improve that aspect of switch performance, but add cost to the device. Most active (electronic rather than mechanical) KVM devices provide peripheral emulation, sending signals to the computers that are not currently selected to simulate a keyboard, mouse and monitor being connected. These are used to control machines which may reboot in unattended operation. Peripheral emulation services embedded in the hardware also provides continuous support where computers require constant communication with the peripherals. Some types of active KVM switches do not emit signals that exactly match the physical keyboard, monitor, and mouse, which can result in unwanted behavior of the controlled machines. For example, the user of a multimedia keyboard connected to a KVM switch may find that the keyboard's multimedia keys have no effect on the controlled computers.

As we all know, WAV files are typically so large in file size that they take too much space or unable to send via email. Therefore, we may need to reduce WAV file size. The following article just aims to provide 3 methods to easily compress WAV files on Windows or Mac. Method 1: Compress WAV to other audio format Compress WAV to lossless compression audio format without losing audio quality like compress WAV to FLAC, compress WAV to Apple Lossless ALAC M4A Compress WAV to lossy audio format like compress WAV to MP3, compress WAV to WMA, AAC, RA and etc. Method 2: Lower WAV bit rate With this method, we can easily reduce WAV file size without changing WAV audio format. The lower the bit rate, the smaller the WAV file size, the lower quality of the WAV audio. In most cases, WAV audio quality shows little difference between 128kbps and higher bitrates. WAV quality will become crappier if the bit rate is less than 128kbps.

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a protocol designed for recording and playing back music on digital synthesizers that is supported by many makes of personal computer sound cards. Originally intended to control one keyboard from another, it was quickly adopted for the personal computer. Perhaps the best way to understand what MIDI is to first understand what it is not: MIDI isn't music MIDI doesn't contain any actual sounds MIDI isn't a digital music file format like MP3 or WAV MIDI is nothing more than data -- a set of instructions. MIDI data contains a list of events or messages that tell an electronic device (musical instrument, computer sound card, cell phone, et cetera) how to generate a certain sound. Here are a few examples of typical MIDI messages:

Micro USB

Micro USB is a miniaturized version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface developed for connecting compact and mobile devices such as smartphones, MP3 players, GPS devices, photo printers and digital cameras.

A megapixel is 1 million pixels. Pixels are small squares that are put together like pieces of a puzzle or mosaic to create your photographs. The resolution of your image will be determined in large part by how many of these tiny squares are packed together in a small space. An 8 megapixel camera (8MP) would have roughly eight million tiny squares of information per inch while a camera phone at 1.5 megapixels (1.5MP) would only have one and a half millions squares of information in an inch. So what does that mean for your photos? Simply put, the more information the better. The more information squeezed into an area, the better our eyes blend the edges together to create a complete image. If too little information is available the eye will notice the jagged edges of the pixels where they meet, just as you see the individual squares of mosaic tile designs. The accepted "standard" for printing images is currently 300dpi (dots per inch). While dots per inch aren't technically the same as pixels per inch the difference won't affect you in your day to day photo taking/printing. How much information do I need? To figure out how much information you need for a specific print size all you need do is multiply the print size by the resolution desired. For example, with the 300dpi rule in mind, to print an 8x10 photo you would need 2400 pixels by 3000 pixels of information. If you were displaying an image on the internet (where 72 pixels per inch is acceptable) you would only need 576 pixels by 720 pixels. So how many megapixels do I need? Each camera displays data in slightly different ratios but there are some "rules of thumb" you can follow. Decide what the largest size image you will want to print. For most people this will be an 8x10 image. Determine the number of pixels needed for a 300dpi print (2400x3000 for an 8x10). Next multiply the two pixel dimensions together. For an 8x10 this comes out to 7.2 million pixels, or 7.2 megapixels. This is the preferred number of MP you need if an 8x10 print is the largest you are likely to print. Chart of common prints and preferred MP 4x6 2.1MP 5x7 3.1MP 8x10 7.2MP

Minimum megapixels for quality prints:** Printed at 300 dpi Max Print Size Minimum MP Resolution 4 x 6″ 2 megapixels 1600 x 1200 5 x 7″ 3 megapixels 2048 x 1536 8 x1 0″ 5 megapixels 2560 x 1920 11 x 14″ 6 megapixels 2816 x 2112 16 x 20″ 8 megapixels 3264 x 2468 16 x 24″ 12 megapixels 4200×2800

Storage Media - Digital Film

Pictures and videos saved to some type of REMOVABLE STORAGE MEDIA. Secure Digital (SD) card.

Digital cameras plug directly into a USB port. Another common option is using one of the many media readers

Quality: the amount of "info" in the digital world is called MEGAPIXELS.

A connector

Rectangular connector that plugs right into the computer or a hub

EHCI (Enchanced Host controller Interface)

Specification was developed and licensed for USB 2.0

Connection speed will change primarily based on the quality of the cable

SuperSpeed with USB 3.0 you need a USB 3.0/3.1 to get that speed.

Modulation is the process of varying one or more parameters of a carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous values of the message signal. The message signal is the signal which is being transmitted for communication and the carrier signal is a high frequency signal which has no data, but is used for long distance transmission. There are many modulation techniques, which are classified according to the type of modulation employed. Of them all, the digital modulation technique used is Pulse Code Modulation (PCM). A signal is pulse code modulated to convert its analog information into a binary sequence, i.e., 1s and 0s. The output of a PCM will resemble a binary sequence. The following figure shows an example of PCM output with respect to instantaneous values of a given sine wave.

The transmitter section of a Pulse Code Modulator circuit consists of Sampling, Quantizing and Encoding, which are performed in the analog-to-digital converter section. The low pass filter prior to sampling prevents aliasing of the message signal. The basic operations in the receiver section are regeneration of impaired signals, decoding, and reconstruction of the quantized pulse train. Following is the block diagram of PCM which represents the basic elements of both the transmitter and the receiver sections.

Micro USB type B

The very small USB port found on cellphones and other portable devices is a Micro-B socket. Considerably smaller than the USB Type B sockets on printers and scanners, the Micro-B socket is half the thickness of the Mini-B socket found on digital cameras.

The cable is actually a crossover cable, it swaps all receive and transmit lanes; e.g. HS1TX(P) of the source is connected to HS1RX(P) of the sink. Thunderbolt is the brand name of a hardware interface developed by Apple and Intel that allows the connection of external peripherals to a computer.

Thunderbolt uses a very different looking connector than USB - well, Thunderbolt and Thunderbolt 2, do anyway - it's a six-sided interface commonly called a "Mini DisplayPort." The newest iteration, Thunderbolt 3, uses the USB Type-C interface instead. The original Thunderbolt protocol supported up to 10 gigabits per second. Thunderbolt 2 doubled that, and Thunderbolt 3 has doubled that again to 40 gigabits per second. So just in terms of raw bandwidth, you can already see that Thunderbolt is a lot faster than USB. What's more Thunderbolt sports the ability to transmit video. Products exist to output video over USB, as well, but it requires software trickery you don't need for Thunderbolt. Thunderbolt's support of video is a basic part of the physical standard. As long as you have a Thunderbolt or DisplayPort-equipped display or the right adapter, you're all set. As a result many computers' Thunderbolt interfaces are used to connect external displays, Macs and PCs alike. Thunderbolt can be found on the video cards of many Windows PCs and an increasing number of Windows laptops as well. Even with video - up to 4K video - being transmitted over Thunderbolt, there's still bandwidth left over for your hard drives. And Thunderbolt's superior bandwidth makes it a better choice if you are moving lots of data. You can frequently find Thunderbolt interfaces on RAID drives - drive systems that combine two or more hard drives in a single chassis together, providing enhanced performance and reliability compared to single-drive mechanisms. Looking for the fastest-possible external storage for your computer? Consider a Thunderbolt-equipped SSD. They're out there, and they're fast as blazes! Thunderbolt hard drives are commonly used in video editing and in professional video capture and encoding devices. Thunderbolt can also be used for other cool stuff, like external expansion bays for cards that support the PCI Express (PCIe) standard. You can also use Thunderbolt adapters to attach your computer to exotic network interfaces like Fibre Channel, or to attach storage devices that support other communications standards like external SATA (eSATA) and Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). Thunderbolt docks exist that let you connect a whole host of peripherals - displays, storage, network and more - using a single Thunderbolt cable. You can even use an adapter to connect Thunderbolt to FireWire, the high-speed peripheral interface found on Macs prior to Thunderbolt's release. As we've established Thunderbolt is fast and it's flexible. It's also not cheap. Thunderbolt is being built onto more and more computers, but it's still a niche interface. You'll pay a lot more for a Thunderbolt-equipped drive than you will for a USB 3-equipped drive, but the performance can be worth it, depending on what you're doing. Your mileage, as in all things, may vary.

There are many brands of KVM switches. Some enable you to connect to only two systems and some support hundreds.

Typical KVMs come with two or more sets of wires that are used for input devices such as PS/2 or USB mice and video output.

EXAM TIP: On USB 1.1 and 2.0 cables, the A and B ports and connectors use four pins while the rest use 5 pins. USB 3.0/3.1 A and B ports and connectors use nine pins. A larger, 11 pin USB 3.0./3.1 B connector that can supply extra power to a device also exists.

USB 1.0/1.1: 12 Mbps 5 m max cable length

USB differences

USB 1.1 The Universal Serial Bus is the most widely deployed PC peripheral interface in history, enabling simple plug and play connectivity for a wide variety of devices to enhance the computing experience. Developed to improve ease of use and provide flexible port expansion, the USB bus has become an indispensable computing technology. USB 1.1 provides support for two interface speeds: Low Speed at 1.5Mb/s and Full Speed at 12Mb/s. The two interface speeds target specific classes of devices to provide the most efficient and cost-effective interconnect solution. Low speed devices are typically interactive input devices such as keyboards, mice or game controllers. Full speed devices are typically application specific input devices such as microphones, cameras and printers. Despite the introduction of USB 2.0 and 3.0, USB 1.1 is still a very viable and usable option, depending on your application and speed requirements. USB 2.0 The Universal Serial Bus is the most widely deployed PC peripheral interface in history, enabling simple plug and play connectivity for a wide variety of devices to enhance the computing experience. As PC's and peripheral devices have added more processing bandwidth, performance and features, the USB 2.0 standard was developed to offer a complimentary high-speed transfer rate at 480Mb/s. Backwards compatible with the full speed and low speed transfer rates of USB 1.1, USB 2.0 delivers a significant bandwidth increase while maintaining the value added features that motivated the original USB development. Super Speed USB 3.0 As technology innovation marches forward, new kinds of devices, media formats, and large inexpensive storage are converging. They require significantly more bus bandwidth to maintain the interactive experience users have come to expect. In addition, user applications demand a higher performance connection between the PC and these increasingly sophisticated peripherals. USB 3.0 addresses this need by adding an even higher transfer rate to match these new usage and devices. USB continues to be the answer to conncectivity for PC, Consumer Electronics, and Mobile architectures, It is a fast, bidirectional, low-cost, dynamically attachable interface that is consistent with the requirements of the PC platforms of today and tomorrow. SuperSpeed USB brings significant performance enhancements to the ubiquitous USB standard, while remaining compatible with the billions of USB enabled devices currently deployed in the market. SuperSpeed USB will deliver 10x the data transfer rate of Hi-Speed USB, as well as improved power efficiency. • SuperSpeed USB has a 5 Gbps signaling rate offering 10x performance increase over Hi-Speed USB. • SuperSpeed USB is a Sync-N-Go technology that minimizes user wait-time. • SuperSpeed USB will provide Optimized Power Efficiency.No device polling and lower active and idle power requirements. • SuperSpeed USB is backwards compatible with USB 2.0. Devices interoperate with USB 2.0 platforms. Hosts support USB 2.0 legacy devices. The USB 3.0 SuperSpeed specification has been ratified. The SuperSpeed specification provides the technical details to understand USB 3.0 requirements and design USB 3.0 compatible products and is available for download from the official USB website at www.usb.org/developers/docs/.

USB 2.0: 480 Mpbs 5M cable length

USB 3.0: 5 Gbps 3 m cable length

Rule of USB installation: always install device driver for a new USB device BEFORE plugging it into PC USB port.

USB devices go to sleep and won't wake up. System tells them to save power. To fix this, head to Device Manager and look at HUB properties but this time open the Power Management tab and uncheck the Allow the computer to turn off this device to save power checkbox.

Interrupt Transfers

USB does not support hardware interrupts. USB devices that are interrupt driven must be polled to see if the device has data to transfer. (Ex. USB keyboard)

Form Factor: these factors come in several form factors. They range from tiny, ultra compact models or monster cameras.

Web cameras often called WEB CAMS. The biggest issue with these is image quality. WebCazms measure their resolution in pixels. Another issue is frame rate. Higher frame rates make for smoother video. 30 frames per second is considered the best. Can make adjustments in the Control Panel applet.

FireWire devices also take advantage of bus mastering, enabling two FireWire such as a digital video camera and an external FireWire hard drive to communicate directly with each other.

When it comes to raw speed, FireWire 800 (1394b)

Pointing devices

You can adjust your mouse or touchpad settings through Mouse Control Applet.

KVM Switches

a keyboard, video, mouth (KVM) switch is a hardware device that most commonly enables multiple computers to be viewed and controlled by a single mouse, keyboard and screen. Some KVMs reverse that capability, enabling a single computer to be controlled by multiple keyboards, mice and other devices. Useful in data centers where multiple servers are rack mounted, space is limited, and power is a concern. An administrator can use a single KVM to control multiple server systems from a single keyboard, mouse and monitor

Touch screens

a touch screen monitor with some type of sensing device across its face that detects the location and duration of contact by finger or stylus. Use this technology in: -smartphones -smart watches -fitness monitors -smart cameras -information kiosks -point of sale systems -tablets -e-readers

Firewire Ports

also known as IEEE 1394. Has all the features of USB but uses different connectors and is the older of the two technologies.

USB 3.0

capable of speeds of up to 5 GBPS. Referred to a SuperSpeed USB.

MONAURAL

capturing a single track

Smart Card Readers

comes in many forms. Scans the chip embedded in ID badges to enhance access and security. Popular employee badge entry product

Plug and Play

devices that can be installed on a system without configuration

Self-powered

devices that rely on their own power supply

Digitizers (Pen Tablet)

enables users to pain, ink, pencil or otherwise draw on a computer. Receives input using a special device. When user presses against the surface, usually with a stylus, the surface transforms (or digitizes) the analog movement into digital information. Most connect via a USB or wireless connection

Thunderbolt is an interconnect technology developed by Intel in cooperation with Apple. Thunderbolt combines PCI Express and DisplayPort into a single connection, allowing for a combination of up to six peripherals, like storage devices and monitors, to be daisy-chained together.

es, Thunderbolt 3 ports are fully compatible with USB devices and cables. ... Yes, Thunderbolt 3 ports are fully compatible with DisplayPort devices and cables.

USB 3.1

handles speeds up to 10 Gbps, referred to as SuperSpeed 10 GBPS

IEEE139a-4 pin alternate

has 4 pins for data, primarily for camcorders

IEEE1394a

has 6 pin interface, 4 for data and 2 for power

IEEE1394b

has a 9 pin interfaces, connects t a beta port, has keying notch

USB Host Controller

has an integrated circuit that is usually built into the chipset, controls every UBS device that connects to it. Inside the host controller is a USB ROOT HUB: the part of the host controller that makes the physical connection in the USB ports. Every root hub is really just a bus, similiar to an expansion bus. A single host controller can support up to 127 devices, though in real life there can be limits. Even if a host adapter supports a certain number of ports, there's no guarantee the motherboard make will supply that many ports.

Peripherals

items that are external to the main processing function of the computer itself

USB Series B connectors

provides the cable connection to the USB device when using a detchable cable

Bar Code Readers

reader Universal Product Code (UPC) bar codes primarily to track inventory. Two types are commonly found: pen scanners and hand scanners.

Motion Sensors

respond to external movement to update some function of the computing device. Surveillance cameras can have motion sensors that, when triggered, send a signal to the component to start recording. Kinect for Xbox One

Biometric devices

scan a remember unique aspects of various body parts such as your eye or fingerprint. 1. Install the device 2.Register your identity by sticking your eye, finger or other body part into the device so it can scan you. 3. Configure its software to tell the device what to do when it recognizes your scanned identity.

USB Peripheral Connection

single type connector which operates at two speeds: -USB 1.1 - 12 Mbs -USB 2.0 - 480 mbs -each transaction uses an address field that identifies the target device or hub -low speed devices only see low speed transaction -low speed transactions are always preceded by a high speed preamble

Mini Connector (5 pin)

small connector designed to plug into devices with mini plugs such as a digital camera

Mini Connector (4 pin)

small square connector designed to plug into devices with mini plugs such as the digital camera

Micro connector

smaller connector designed for smart phones and tablet devices

USB 2.0

standard introduced HIGH SPEED USB running at a whopping 480 mbps

FireWire has two types of connectors

the first is a 6 pin POWERED connector, type you see on some desktops. Capable of providing power to a device The second type of connector is a 4 pin BUS-POWERED connector, which you see on portable computers and devices such as cameras. this type of connector does not provide power to a device.

USB 1.1

the first widely adopted standard and defined two speeds: Low speed running at 1.5 mps (plenty for keyboards and mice) and Full Speed running at up to 12 Mbps

BIT DEPTH

the number of characteristics or a particular sound captured during sampling is measured by the bit depth sample. The greater the bit depth used to capture a sample, the more characteristics of that sound can be stored and thus re-created.

Bulk transfers

transferring large blocks of data that don't have a data rate restriction (ex. print jobs)

STEREO

two tracks

Shared System resources

up to 127 will share a single I/O address or IRQ

Isochronous Transfer

used by application that require a constant data rate (ex. video camera, streaming applications)