Chapter 11 | Properties of the Hair and Scalp
A mature strand of human hair is divided into two parts:
1. The root - located below the surface of the epidermis 2. The Hair Shaft - the portion of hair that projects above the epidermis.
What is the average growth of healthy scalp hair per month?
1/2 inch (1.25 cm)
How many hairs does it he average head of hair contain?
100,000
Dry stretches about __________ of its length
20%
What is the average hair density per one square inch?
2200
How long does the anagen phase generally last?
3-5 years
The average rate of hair loss hairs per day is?
35-40 hairs per day
Wet hair with normal elasticity stretches up to what percentage of its original length w out breaking?
50%
How many pounds of dead skin does the average person shed each year?
9 lbs
What percentage of the total weight of hair comes from the cortex?
90%
A strong, chemical side bond that joins the sulfur atoms of two neighboring cysteine amino acids to create one cystine?
A disulfide bond
What percentage of scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any one time?
A little less than 10%
Which of the following is not a cause of dry hair and scalp?
Active sebaceous glands
At what age and what percentage of men and women show some degree of hair loss?
Age 35, 40%
What is abnormal hair loss called?
Alopecia
What is the autoimmune disorder that causes the affected hair follicles to be mistakenly attacked by a persons own immune system?
Alopecia areata
Alopecia areas that progresses to total scalp hair loss is called _____________.
Alopecia totalis
Units that are joined together and makeup proteins
Amino acids
The growth phase of new hair
Anagen
What is the result of genetics, age, or hormonal changes that cause terminal hair to vellus hair?
Androgenic alopecia
What can cause premature gray hair?
Anxiety and illness
Small, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle.
Arrector pili muscle
Which muscle causes goosebumps when it contracts due to strong emotions or a cold sensation?
Arrector pili muscle
When does scalp hair tend to grow most rapidly?
Between the ages of 15 and 30
Technical term for gray hair
Canities
What are the main elements that makeup human hair and their percentage in normal hair?
Carbon 51% Oxygen 21% Hydrogen 6% Nitrogen 17% Sulfur 5%
An inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci
Carbuncle
The transition period between the growth and resting phases
Catagen
Which hair texture has the largest diameter?
Coarse hair
Which hair texture usually requires extra processing when applying a product like hair color?
Coarse hair texture
What are the classifications of hair texture?
Coarse, medium, fine
What is the degree of porosity directly related to?
Condition of cuticle layer
What are the two types of cranities?
Congenital and acquired
Name some causes of dry scalp
Contact dermatitis, sunburn, extreme age, cold dry climate
List the ways head lice are transmitted from an infected person to a non infected person
Contact with infested hats, combs, brushes and other personal articles
In what layer of the hair do changes involving oxidation hair coloring, set setting, thermal styling, permanent waving, and chemical hair relaxing take place?
Cortex
Due to a particular pattern on hair stream on the forehead
Cowlick
What are the 3 main layers of the hair shaft?
Cuticle, cortex, medulla
Describe overly porous hair
Damaged, dry, fragile and brittle
What is the difference between dry scalp and dandruff?
Dandruff produces on oily scalp, dry scalp produced by dry scalp
Small, cone-shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb.
Dermal papilla
Which part of the hair root contains the blood and nerve supply that provides the nutrients needed for hair growth?
Dermal papilla
Name 3 different hair properties for which the cortex is responsible.
Elasticity of hair, natural color, chemical changes
What are possible treatments for hypertrichosis?
Electrolysis, laser hair removal, shaving, tweezing
How are the hair's strong chemical side bonds broken?
Extreme heat and thermal styling
True or False | Scalp massage increases hair growth
False
True or False | Shaving, clipping and cutting the hair makes it grow back faster, darker and coarser
False
True or False: Hair is a living thing
False
True or False: More than one hair will never grow from a single follicle
False
True or False: The medulla is involved in salon services
False
True or False: gray hair is coarser and more resistant than pigmented hair
False
True or false | Ringworm is caused by a parasite
False
True or false | all hair on a persons head has the same texture
False
An oral prescription medication for men only and is more effective and convenient than its nonprescription counterpart is ______________.
Finasteride
Which hair texture has the smallest diameter and is more fragile?
Fine hair
In extremely curly hair, cross-sections appear ______________ and vary in shape and thickness along their length.
Flattened
On adults, vellus hair is usually found on the ______________.
Forehead, eyelids and bald scalp
Technical term for brittle hair
Fragilitas crinium
What can be done to control dandruff?
Frequent use of antidandruff shampoo
An acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle
Furuncle
What is the result of natural wave patterns?
Genetics
How is gray hair different from other hair colors?
Gray hair contains only a few scattered melanin granules
Oily hair and scalp is characterized by __________
Greasy build up on scalp and oily coating on hair
What must all professional hair services base a thorough understanding on?
Growth, structure and composition of hair
The tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains the hair root,
Hair Follicle
The thickened, club-shaped structure that forms the lower part of the root.
Hair bulb
What is the lowest part of the hair strand?
Hair bulb
What is the outermost layer of the hair?
Hair cuticle
What consists of a single overlapping layer of transparent, scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof?
Hair cuticle layer
Hair flowing in the same direction
Hair stream
Describe the most common permanent treatment for hair loss
Hair transplant
The spiral shape of a coiled protein
Helix
In a porosity check, if the hair feels very rough, dry or breaks it is considered ___________.
Highly porous
A weak, physical, cross-link side bond that is easily broken by water or heat
Hydrogen bond
Polypeptide chains are cross-linked like the rings on a ladder by 3 different types of side bonds called:
Hydrogen bond, salt bond, disulfide bond
Resistant to being penetrated by moisture
Hydrophobic
Easily absorbs moisture
Hydrophollic
A condition of abnormal growth of hair
Hypertrichosis
Mustaches and light beards are an example of what?
Hypertrichosis
Oily hair and scalp is caused by what?
Improper shampooing or overactive sebaceous glands
What can dry hair and scalp be caused by?
Inactive sebaceous glands, excessive shampooing
Which of the following statements is true of hair with low elasticity?
It may not hold a permanent wave as easily
What does tinea look like?
Itching scales, painful circular lesions
What is the maturation of cells process called?
Keratinization
Men retain ___________ vellus hair than women
Less
Chemical services performed on overly porous hair require ___________
Less alkaline solutions with a lower pH
What percentage of scalp hair is in the catagen phase at any one time?
Less than 1%
Extremely curly hair often has __________ elasticity.
Low
Hair density can be classified as
Low, medium, high
What fungi is dandruff a result of?
Malasseaia
What is androgenic alopecia that progresses to the familiar horse shoe shaped fringe of hair called?
Male pattern baldness
Which hair texture is the most common and is the standard to which other hair is compared to?
Medium hair
What is the innermost layer of the hair and is composed of round cells?
Medulla
What are the tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair?
Melanin
Which layer of the hair is the cortex?
Middle layer
How many people does androgenic alopecia affect in the United States?
Millions
A topical medication put on scalp twice a day, sold over counter as nonprescription is ____________.
Minoxidil
What are the only two products proven to stimulate hair growth?
Minoxidil and finasteride
Technical term for beaded hair
Monilethrix
Describe vellus hair.
Never has a medulla. It's found on infants and can be present on children.
Hair follicles are distributed all over the body, with the exceptions of:
Palms of hands & soles of feet
The infestation of the hair and scalp with head lice
Pediculosia capitis
The strong, chemical bond that joins amino acids
Peptide bond
Technical term for dandruff
Pityriasis
List the two principle types of dandruff and give their characterizations
Pityriasis capitis simplex - scalp irritation, large flakes, itchy scalp Pityriasis Streatoids - accumulation of greasy or waxy scales
A long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Polypeptide chain
In a porosity check, if you can feel slight toughness, the hair is considered ___________.
Porous
What is hair composed of that grows from cells originating within the hair follicle?
Protein
Which hair color typically has the lowest density
Red
In a porosity check, if the hair feels smooth and the cuticle is _________
Resistant
Characterized by alternating bands of gray and pigmented hair.
Ringed hair
What is a weak, physical, cross linked side bond between adjacent polypeptide chain?
Salt bonds
Cause by a parasite called a mite
Scabies
Where is terminal hair found?
Scalp, legs, arms
Which of the following conditions has a distinctive color?
Scutula
The oil glands in the skin that are connected to the hair follicles.
Sebaceous glands
What is the fatty/oily substance that sebaceous glands secrete which lubricates the skin?
Sebum
If you hold the end of a single strand of hair in one hand and then grasp it between the thumb and forefinger of the other hand and move them down the hair shaft, the hair will feel:
Sleek and smooth
Wave patterns can be described as...
Straight, wavy, curly or extremely curly
The resting phase
Telogen
List and define the 4 most important factors to consider in hair analysis
Texture - thickness of hair Density - number of hair strands per square inch Porosity - absorb Elasticity - hair stretch
What does a healthy cuticle layer protect?
The inner structure of the hair as it lies tightly against the cortex
Describe terminal hair
The long, coarse, pigmented hair
What does tinea Barbae affect?
The skin
Why are pregnant women warned against having any contact with the oral prescription medication used to treat hair loss in men?
The strong potential for birth defects
Technical term for ring worm
Tinea
Fungal infection characterized by red papules, or spots, at the opening of the hair follicles
Tinea capitis
Dry, sulfur yellow, cup like crusts on the scalp called scutula
Tinea favosa
Why must oxidation hair colors, permanent waving solutions, and chemical hair relaxers have an alkaline pH?
To penetrate the cuticle layer because a high pH swells the cuticle and causes it to lift and expose the cortex
What is the study of hair and it's diseases and care?
Trichology
Technical term for split ends
Trichoptilosis
Technical term for knotted hair
Trichorrhexix nodosa
True or False | All male beard hair contains a medulla
True
True or False | Tinea is contagious
True
True or False | Under normal circumstances, everyone loses some hair every day.
True
True or False: A cross-section of hair can be almost any shape, and its shape does not necessarily relate to the amount of curl or the shape of the follicle
True
True or False: All hair follicles are capable of producing either vellus or terminal hair, depending on genetics, age, and hormones.
True
True or false | hair growth patterns are caused by follicles that grow perpendicular to the scalp
True
True or false | hair texture always indicates the hairs porosity
True
What are the two types of hair found on the body?
Vellus and terminal
What is referred to as the shape of the hair strand?
Wave pattern
Hair stream that spirals outward from a central point?
Whorl
What no medical options can a hairstylist offer to counter hair loss?
Wigs, toupees, hair weaving and hair extensions