Chapter 11 questions and answers

Many of Jonathan's friends like to dress up on Halloween as devils, vampires, and zombies. According to Carl Jung's theory, what archetype is being expressed?

Shadow

Which of the following questions would be most immediately addressed by conducting what Richard Lazarus refers to as a primary appraisal?

"How big of a deal is this problem?"

Several studies have found nearly a ________ percent rate of heritability across several cultures with respect to the five-factor model of personality.

50

What is the function of a validity scale?

to determine if a person is giving an accurate response

Catell's research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into ___________ source traits

16

What, if anything, have adoption studies taught us regarding the relationship between heredity and personality?

Adoption studies have confirmed that personality can be strongly influenced by genetics

Karen Horney's study of one's personality focused on

Anxiety during childhood

In the Big Five theory of personality, "E" stands for

Extraversion

According to Freud, which part of the personality is totally buried within each individual?

ID

Bebarly appreciates compliments about her new photography business but really values constructive criticism, as she can then address particular issues. According to Julian Rotter, Bebarly has a(n)

Internal locus of control

According to behavioral theory, personality primarily consist of

Learned responses

According to Richard Lazarus, when someone asks themselves, "How can I deal with this potentially harmful stressor?" The individual is focused on a _______ appraisal

Secondary

According to Rogers, a mismatch between the real and ideal self

can result in anxiety and neurotic behavior

According to Adler, the defense mechanism of _______ is important in our personality development, as we attempt to overcome feelings of inferiority.

compensation

According to Freud, the _______ works off of the pleasure principle, while the _______ is often perceived as the executive director of your personality.

id; ego

Four-year-old Brandon has watched his father as he mowed the lawn. This year, Brandon has asked for a lawn mower of his own for his birthday. Freud would say that Brandon is beginning the process of _____ as a way of resolving his Oedipal conflict.

identification

Frequency counts and rating scales are especially helpful in assessing

observable behaviors

If you are asked to describe your best friends by explaining how they act, typically feel, and what they think about, you would be describing their

personality

Which type of assessment would be the most reliable?

personality inventory

You are shocked to hear that two of your coworkers who seemingly hated one another are now getting married. According to Freud, what defense mechanism best explains their prior behavior?

reaction formation

A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of

surface traits

If you are describing characteristics of your child such as irritability or adaptability, psychologists would say you are not describing their personality but rather their

temperament

What is the primary advantage of the social-cognitive view a personality over the psychodynamic view?

the social cognitive view has concepts that can be tested scientifically

Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false?

It is formed based solely on what a person believes about himself or herself.

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person"?

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges

Personality neuroscience is an emerging field offering evidence of a possible relationship between various aspects of personality with

brain structure and function

In Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?

self-actualizing tendency

Studies of the hereditability of personality traits have found

strong evidence to support some personality traits can be passed by genetics

According to Freud, the ________ mind was the most important determining factor in human behavior and personality.

unconscious

What is a major shortcoming in the field of behavioral genetics in terms of their studies on human personality traits?

Behavioral geneticists are unable to conduct controlled research studies on human subjects.

You have walked in late to class, and your psychology professor is explaining how one personality theorist sees personality as a relatively stable set a potential responses to various situations. You know immediately that your professor is talking about the theories of

Julian Rotter

Which neo-Freudian believed personality was mostly a product of dealing with anxieties during childhood?

Karen Horney

Albert Bandura considers _________ as a person's expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.

Self-efficacy

Greg rushes to an appointment, arriving 20 minutes early, while Aaron arrives with only minutes to spare. Slightly annoyed when Greg points this out, Aaron replies very casually, "Hey, I'm here" We might assume Greg has more of a ____________ personality, while Aaron is more __________

Type A and Type B

Trait theories are less concerned with _________ and more concerned with __________

changing personality; predicting behaviors

Dr. Hill is constantly late for meetings. She often arrives to her classes 5 to 10 minutes late and leaves students waiting at her door during office hours for up to 30 minutes. Using the five-factor model, which dimension would show a very low score for Dr. Hill?

conscientiousness

Soleil has been very upset with her boss for the past few days because she was reprimanded for something that was not her fault. Soleil's boyfriend keeps encouraging her to talk to her to her boss about the problem, but Soleil always has difficulty expressing negative emotions and thus keeps them stuffed inside. Soleil appears to have a _______ personality.

Type C

Which of the following traits or characteristics were not found to be more similar in identical twins when compared to fraternal twins in the Minnesota twin study?

tendency to divorce

Mia's parents told her they expected her to become a doctor, like her father and grandfather before her. They told her that if she chose any other career, they would no longer support her or respect her choice. According to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her

Conditional positive regard

The awakening of sexual curiosity and interest in the genitals is the beginning of what Freud termed the

phallic stage