Chapter 11

An individual's identity involves: A) beliefs and values. B) sexuality. C) career goals. D) all of these.

D

Diego is a Mexican American adolescent who has not examined his ethnicity and is not particularly interested in it. Diego is in which phase of ethnic-identity development? A) bicultural identity B) ethnic-identity achievement C) ethnic-identity search/moratorium D) ethnic-identity diffusion/foreclosure

D

For sexual-minority individuals who proceed through all of the steps of the coming-out process, which step is final? A) preference for social interaction with other sexual-minority individuals B) disclosure to heterosexual family and friends C) feelings of ambivalence about same-sex attractions D) feelings of pride in themselves and their sexual community

D

In regard to culture and self-esteem, scores on measures of self-esteem: A) do not differ across cultures. B) differ across cultures because there are genetic differences in the average level of self-esteem in different cultures. C) differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem in different cultures. D) differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem and self-criticism in different cultures.

D

Infants are typically equally comforted by all caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

D

Of substance abuse in adolescence and mental health problems in adulthood, research on self-esteem has demonstrated that which is caused by low self-esteem? A) mental health problems in adulthood only B) substance abuse in adolescence only C) both substance abuse in adolescence and mental health problems in adulthood D) neither substance abuse in adolescence nor mental health problems in adulthood

D

Parental sensitivity involves: A) responding quickly to the needs of a crying baby. B) smiling, laughing, and making sounds at baby. C) being emotionally available. D) All of these comprise parental sensitivity

D

Sonal, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Sonal is MOST likely to be classified as: A) dismissing. B) unresolved/disorganized. C) preoccupied. D) autonomous.

D

The MOST likely source of the differences in peer relationships between children who were securely attached as infants and those who were insecurely attached as infants are differences in: A) the quality of adult models. B) opportunities for peer interaction. C) abilities to use social comparisons. D) internal working models.

D

To assess self-esteem, researchers generally ask children about: A) how they feel about themselves in general. B) their perceptions of their academic ability. C) their perceptions of their social acceptance. D) all of these.

D

Which factor has NOT been shown to be associated with the quality of infants' attachment? A) maternal trauma B) socioeconomic status C) specific genes D) number of children in the family

D

Which group of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

D

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the correct developmental sequence? A) attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships B) preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment C) reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment D) preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

D

Emmy responds more positively to her mother than to other people. She smiles and laughs more often in her mother's presence than in the presence of other people. She does not exhibit separation distress, nor does she actively seek out her mother. Bowlby would consider Emmy to be in which phase of the development of attachment? A) attachment-in-the-making B) reciprocal relationships C) preattachment D) clear-cut attachment

A

Which behavior during the Strange Situation is characteristic of infants who are classified as insecure/avoidant? A) ignoring mother when she returns to room B) displaying severe distress when mother leaves room C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys D) while playing, looking back to check on mother

A

In a study conducted in 1986, in comparison with U.S. infants, Japanese infants appeared to be _____ likely to be securely attached, _____ likely to be insecure/resistant, and _____ likely to be insecure/avoidant. A) as; less; more B) as; more; less C) less; more; more D) more; less; less

B

In the Strange Situation, baby Olivia clings to her mother, plays little with the toys in the room, and is extremely distressed when her mother leaves the room. When her mother returns to the room and picks her up, Olivia arches her back to get away from her mother. Olivia falls into which attachment category? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

B

Infants respond preferentially to familiar caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

B

Insecure/resistant infants are also referred to as: A) avoidant. B) ambivalent. C) disorganized. D) secure.

B

Internal working models of attachment: A) persist throughout childhood, but not into adulthood. B) involve individuals' feelings about being worthy or unworthy of love. C) are possessed only by securely attached individuals. D) are entirely due to biology.

B

Which statement about the age at which same-sex attractions first become noticed by gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals is true? A) Males and females do not differ in the age at which same-sex attractions are first recognized. B) Males typically notice same-sex attractions at an earlier age than do females. C) Females typically notice same-sex attractions at an earlier age than do males D) Bisexual individuals typically notice same-sex attractions at an earlier age than do gay and lesbian individuals.

B

Which statement is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base? A) enables child to learn about the world B) is a source of entertainment and learning C) provides a sense of assurance D) serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared

B

Children's understanding that they will always be a member of their ethnic group is referred to as ethnic: A) identity foreclosure. B) -role behaviors. C) constancy. D) rigidity.

C

Erikson believed that which state is a beneficial identity state? A) confusion B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) all of these states

C

Erikson theorized that successful resolution of the conflict of identity versus identity confusion involves an identity that is: A) positive. B) diffused. C) integrated. D) foreclosed.

C

Flora is 3 years old and is a member of an ethnic minority group. Flora is LEAST likely to: A) engage in some behaviors characteristic of the ethnic group. B) label herself with the name of the ethnic group. C) understand that she will always be a member of the ethnic group. D) possess simple knowledge about the ethnic group.

C

Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys: A) rose into leadership positions. B) died early of unusual infections. C) were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys. D) had intense attachments to the other monkeys.

C

In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, and is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, but he is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

C

Separation anxiety is first exhibited in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

C

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to: A) lie to their parents. B) boast about their abilities. C) regard their feelings as unique and special. D) believe they are invincible.

C

Which behavior is an indication that an infant has a sense of self? A) making independent movements B) crying C) separation distress D) talking

C

Which concept is typical of a 3-year-old child's sense of self? A) involves comparisons of themselves with others B) includes global views of themselves that are not directly tied to specific behaviors C) is focused on observable features D) involves others' evaluations of them

C

Which description would NOT apply to the self-concept of a typical late-elementary-school child in comparison to the self-concept of a typical preschool child? A) more complex B) based to a greater extent on peer relationships C) more likely to involve positive illusions of abilities D) more likely to include social comparisons

C

Parents who will be MOST likely to have children with poor self-esteem are those who regularly discipline their children with comments such as: A) "You are so irresponsible." B) "You should not have done that." C) "That was an irresponsible thing to do." D) "You need to be much more careful next time."

A

Separation anxiety typically declines in which of Bowlby's phases? A) reciprocal relationships B) attachment-in-the-making C) clear-cut attachment D) preattachment

A

The ethnic identity component referred to as ethnic knowledge involves: A) understanding the behaviors, traits, customs, and so on that distinguish one's ethnic group. B) engaging in the behaviors that reflect the distinguishing characteristics of one's ethnic group. C) understanding that one will always be a member of one's ethnic group. D) labeling oneself as a member of one's ethnic group.

A

There is a slight tendency for African Americans to have higher self-esteem than European Americans because African Americans: A) tend to have a stronger ethnic identity than European Americans. B) are less likely to be gay or lesbian. C) are more likely to live in impoverished neighborhoods. D) All of the reasons listed are equally likely.

A

Which parental characteristic is LEAST likely to be associated with high self-esteem in children? A) rigid B) accepting C) firm D) involved

A

The group of individuals that is LEAST likely to achieve a coherent identity includes those: A) who have parents who emphasize autonomy. B) whose parents exert psychological control. C) who attend high-quality schools. D) whose culture instructs them to set their own goals.

B

The self refers to: A) one's physical appearance. B) one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself. C) one's personality and intelligence. D) all of these traits.

B

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her: A) attachment security. B) personal fable. C) internal working model. D) identity.

C

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to: A) place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them. B) involve confusion about contradictions in the self. C) reflect internalized values. D) all of these.

C

Attachment theory was proposed by: A) Harlow. B) Ainsworth. C) Bowlby. D) Lorenz.

C

Ava is an adolescent who is particularly likely to rely on her parents to make important life decisions for her, and she feels very strongly that it is important to obey authority. Ava is MOST likely to have which identity status? A) diffusion B) moratorium C) foreclosure D) achievement

C

Children tend to identify themselves according to their ethnic group between the ages of: A) 2 and 4. B) 3 and 6. C) 5 and 8. D) 7 and 10.

C

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants are more likely to demonstrate: A) intensely close romantic relationships as adults. B) anxiety and depression. C) concern for others. D) all of these.

C

Mary Ainsworth's observations of families in Uganda and in the United States led her to the conclusion that information about infants' attachments to their caregivers can be obtained from observations of infants': A) smiling directed at their caregivers. B) verbal and nonverbal communication with their caregivers. C) reactions to separations from their caregivers. D) crying in the presence of their caregivers.

C

Self-esteem refers to one's: A) sense of identity. B) evaluation of the self. C) overall evaluation of the self and the feelings about that evaluation. D) feelings about oneself.

C

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Deeana's face and then puts her in front of the mirror, she touches the spot on her face. Deeana is MOST likely to be at what age? A) 14 months old B) 17 months old C) 20 months old D) 11 months old

C

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behavior? A) insecure/resistant B) secure C) disorganized/distressed D) insecure/avoidant

C

A longitudinal study that followed lesbian, bisexual, and unlabeled women aged 18 to 25 found that, over a 10-year period, approximately _____ changed their identity labels at least once over the course of the study. A) 5 percent B) 25 percent C) 33 percent D) 67 percent

D

According to Erikson, adolescents who have an incomplete and incoherent sense of self have identity: A) foreclosure. B) moratorium. C) diffusion. D) confusion.

D

After a period of exploration, Mario has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Mario would be classified into which identity-status category? A) foreclosure B) positive C) moratorium D) achievement

D

Among adolescents, _____ is NOT associated with lower self-esteem. A) living in urban poverty B) living in violent neighborhoods C) making the transition from elementary school to junior high school D) being African American

D

As children enter adolescence, they tend to increasingly rely on which influence to evaluate themselves? A) peer evaluations B) parental evaluations C) teacher standards D) internalized standards

D

Compared to children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants demonstrate: A) more social competence. B) less anxiety and depression. C) better ability to understand other's emotions. D) all of these traits.

D

Ethnic-identity search/moratorium involves: A) solidifying one's career choice. B) having a commitment to one's ethnic group. C) internalizing the majority's views of the ethnic group. D) considering the effects ethnicity may have on one's future.

D

Mothers who resist their infants' attempts at physical closeness and who are emotionally unavailable are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are: A) insecure/resistant. B) securely attached. C) disorganized/disoriented. D) insecure/avoidant.

D

One's overall evaluation of oneself is referred to as one's: A) sexual orientation. B) identity. C) sense of self. D) self-esteem.

D

Psychologists have suggested that cultural variations in self-esteem are likely to be associated with differences in all of these EXCEPT: A) the meaning of self-esteem. B) comfort with being praised. C) the function of self-criticism. D) parent‒child attachment.

D

Research suggests that, in comparison to young adults exploring commitments in breadth, those exploring commitments in depth tend to be more: A) likely to have unprotected sex. B) open to experience. C) prone to negative emotionality. D) conscientious.

D

Securely attached infants are MOST likely to have parents whose own adult attachment status is: A) dismissing. B) unresolved. C) preoccupied. D) autonomous.

D

The Adult Attachment Interview is designed to measure adults': A) perceptions of their infants' attachments. B) beliefs about child rearing. C) evaluations of their adult relationships. D) perceptions of their early childhood relationships.

D

The personal fable is a form of: A) sense of self. B) identity. C) coping mechanism. D) egocentrism.

D

When Baby Joseph cries, he is easily comforted by his mother. He is comforted just as easily by his father, his grandparents, and his babysitter, as well as by strangers. Bowlby would consider Joseph to be in which phase of the development of attachment? A) attachment-in-the-making B) disorganized/disoriented C) reciprocal relationships D) preattachment

D

Which action is NOT part of the Strange Situation? A) separations from the caregiver B) reunions with the caregiver C) interactions with a stranger D) contact with novel, scary objects

D

Which emotion is an indicator that a child has a sense of self? A) happiness B) anger C) sadness D) shame

D

Which milestone is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self? A) experiencing embarrassment B) recognizing self in the mirror C) attempting to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals D) imitating others' facial expressions

D

Which statement is true about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth? A) It is uncommon for parents to be positive or accepting of their children coming out. B) Parents' acceptance of their children's sexual orientation appears to be unrelated to sexual-minority youth's self-esteem or levels of depression. C) Sexual-minority youth tend to come out to their fathers before their mothers. D) Latino and Asian American families appear to be less accepting of same-sex attractions than are European American families.

D

Which statement is true about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth? A) Same-sex attraction is experienced by middle childhood. B) Identity integration is eventually attained. C) Self-identification as a sexual-minority member occurs prior to engagement in same-sex sexual activity. D) None of these is a true statement.

D

Young adolescents' self-conceptions are: A) abstract. B) focused to a considerable degree on their social competence. C) often seemingly contradictory. D) all of these.

D

An individual's sense of belonging to an ethnic or racial group and the degree to which the individual associates his or her thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior with membership in that group is referred to as: A) ethnic identity. B) sexual orientation. C) racial belonging. D) identity foreclosure.

A

Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is: A) parental sensitivity. B) physical contact between parent and child. C) infant temperament D) continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent.

A

Which parenting practice is associated with more mature identity formation? A) control B) warmth C) discouraging individuality D) all of these

B

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old? A) 3 years old B) 7 years old C) 10 years old D) 14 years old

VC

The study of parent‒child attachment was prompted by: A) interviews with parents of children with Down syndrome. B) observations of children growing up in orphanages in the 1940s. C) studies of aggression in monkeys. D) an analysis of children who were physically abused by their parents.

observations of children growing up in orphanages in the 1940s.

As children become adolescents, their self-esteem increasingly becomes based on: A) their academic achievement. B) their own internalized standards. C) peers' evaluations. D) their appearance.

B

Bowlby proposed that attachment: A) occurs toward the first moving person an infant sees. B) is rooted in evolution. C) is necessary for identity development. D) has at its center the notion of a needy, dependent infant.

B

Children recognize themselves in the mirror starting at approximately what age? A) 12 months old B) 18 months old C) 24 months old D) 36 months old

B

Does heredity contribute to individuals' self-esteem? A) Yes, by directly coding for level of self-esteem. B) Yes, at least partly by influencing aspects of the self, such as physical appearance, athletic ability, and intellectual abilities, which then influence self-esteem. C) No, heredity does not influence self-esteem. D) There is no way to examine the contribution of heredity to self-esteem.

B

Erikson theorized that a negative identity is one that: A) is based on little exploration of choices. B) represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. C) is in "time-out." D) is focused on the expectation of few choices and a poor self-image.

B

From responses to the Adult Attachment Interview, individuals were classified into all of these groups EXCEPT: A) dismissing. B) disorganized/disoriented. C) preoccupied. D) autonomous.

B

Identity diffusion refers to individuals who: A) have achieved a coherent and consolidated identity. B) are not making progress toward making commitments. C) have established an identity based on the choices of their parents. D) are exploring various choices, but have not yet made commitments to them.

B

In Western cultures, self-esteem tends to be related to _____; in Asian cultures, it tends to be related to _____. A) contributing to the welfare of the group; affirming the norms of social interdependence B) individual accomplishments; contributing to the welfare of the group C) individual accomplishments; individual accomplishments D) contributing to the welfare of the group; contributing to the welfare of the group

B

Melissa, the mother of two children, remembers her childhood as difficult. When asked about it, she discusses her past in a consistent and cohesive manner, but reports that although there were some happy times, her parents were not always supportive. Which statement about Melissa is likely to be true? A) Her children are unlikely to be securely attached to her. B) She would most likely be classified into the autonomous adult attachment group. C) She probably experienced physical abuse at the hands of her parents. D) All of these statements are likely to be true.

B

Michael is an adolescent whose parents have always expected him to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Michael applies to law school. Erikson would say Michael has made what type of identity choice? A) confusion B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) achievement

B

Research suggests that, in comparison to young adults exploring commitments in depth, those exploring commitments in breadth tend to be: A) less likely to have unprotected sex. B) more likely to abuse drugs. C) less prone to negative emotionality. D) more conscientious.

B

The "terrible twos" are an indication of: A) insecure attachment. B) self-awareness. C) negative identity. D) parental insensitivity.

B

Which assertion about attachment behaviors in different cultures is true? A) Attachment is biologically driven, and thus infants in all cultures display the same types of attachment behaviors and are classified into the same major attachment groups. B) Although infants of many cultures can be classified into the major attachment categories, some cultures show quite different patterns. C) Infants in all other cultures show entirely different patterns of attachment behavior and cannot be classified into the same groups as infants in the United States. D) Attachment behaviors are entirely dependent on culture, and the Strange Situation can only be used to classify infants in the United States.

B

Which factor MOST impedes researchers' ability to fully understand the association between attachment security during infancy and later functioning? A) difficulty with conducting longitudinal studies B) the stable nature of the quality of parent‒child interactions C) developmental changes in attachment characteristics D) changes in family dynamics over the course of the child's development

B

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of the attachment bond? A) separations from the caregiver B) reunions with the caregiver C) interactions with a stranger D) contact with novel objects

B

Which social factor is LEAST likely to promote the development of high self-esteem? A) parental sensitivity B) peer acceptance C) evaluating oneself on the basis of peer perceptions D) having a secure attachment to one's parents

C

Which statement about parents' attachment models is true? A) There is little association between parents' models of attachment and their infants' attachment security. B) Preoccupied parents tend to be warm and sensitive toward their infants. C) Parents' attachment models may have less to do with the adults' own attachment to their parents and more to do with their personal theories of child rearing. D) All securely attached infants have autonomous parents

C

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true? A) Poor outcomes for sexual-minority youth are likely more attributable to being victimized and harassed than to the same-sex attraction itself. B) Sexual-minority youth have higher reported rates of attempted suicide than do heterosexual youth. C) Sexual-minority youth and heterosexual youth tend to have the same level of feelings of control in their romantic relationships. D) Having sexual-minority friends is considered an important source of social support for sexual-minority youth.

C

Which statement about the association between infants' behavior in the Strange Situation and their behavior at home is true? A) Infants classified as securely attached in the Strange Situation often appear more insecurely attached at home. B) The behaviors of infants classified as insecure in the Strange Situation often switch, with insecure resistant infants appearing more avoidant in the home and insecure/avoidant infants appearing more clingy in the home. C) Infants' behavior in the Strange Situation is related to interactions with their mothers at home. D) There is little association between infants' behavior in the two settings.

C

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related? A) Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments. B) Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers. C) Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached. D) Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

C

Which statement is true of ethnic-minority youth and their ethnic identity? A) The final status of ethnic identity for all minority individuals is ethnic-identity achievement. B) Higher levels of ethnic identity are generally associated with behavioral problems. C) The development of a bicultural identity can provide some benefits. D) Lessening of commitment to the ethnic group is considered part of ethnic-identity achievement.

C

____ is(are) used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self. A) The Strange Situation B) Children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile C) Placing rouge on child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror D) All of these

C

he majority of middle-class infants in the United States fall into which attachment category? A) insecure/avoidant B) disorganized/disoriented C) secure D) insecure/resistant

C

Bowlby proposed that an individual's internal working model of attachment contains: A) expectations about whether or not interpersonal relationships will be rewarding. B) thoughts about whether or not one is physically attractive. C) notions about whether or not other people are generally intelligent. D) All of these are parts of an individual's internal working model of attachment according to Bowlby.

A

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self evident? A) 2 to 4 months B) 7 to 8 months C) 12 to 14 months D) 18 to 20 months

A

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behavior. This feeling is referred to as: A) a belief in an imaginary audience. B) a personal fable. C) a belief in the all-important self. D) egocentric.

A

Erikson theorized that identity foreclosure takes place when identity: A) is based on little exploration of choices. B) represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. C) is in "time-out." D) is diffused.

A

From an evolutionary standpoint, attachment is similar to which mechanism? A) imprinting B) development of the id C) theory of mind D) identification

A

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say? A) "I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean." B) "I don't have that many friends." C) "I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am." D) "I can be a real introvert sometimes."

A

In late childhood, children tend to rely particularly on which factor to evaluate themselves? A) peer evaluations B) parental evaluations C) teacher standards D) internalized standards

A

Infants who approach their mothers and also regard them as a source of fear are considered to have which type of attachment? A) disorganized/disoriented B) insecure/resistant C) secure D) insecure/avoidant

A

Sexual-minority individuals who feel ambivalent about their same-sex attractions, but are starting to have limited contact with gay or lesbian individuals, are in which stage of the coming-out process? A) identity integration B) first recognition C) test and exploration D) identity acceptance

C

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at: A) infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base. B) infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant. C) mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver. D) the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver.

A

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the: A) Strange Situation. B) Internal Working Model. C) Reciprocity Test. D) Stranger Interaction Test.

A

Mothers who are easily overwhelmed and who are inconsistent in responding to their infants are more likely than other mothers to have infants who are: A) insecure/resistant. B) disorganized/disoriented. C) difficult. D) insecure/avoidant

A

Noticing discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on: A) social comparison. B) self-esteem. C) overconfidence. D) an adolescent sense of self.

A

Which statement about self-esteem is NOT true? A) High self-esteem may have negative consequences for some individuals. B) Low self-esteem is associated with being born to a teenage mother. C) Low self-esteem predicts weak economic prospects. D) Heredity contributes to self-esteem.

A

Which statement is true about sexual identity or orientation? A) Identical twins are more similar in sexual identity than are fraternal twins. B) Sexual identity is thought by current psychological researchers to be a choice. C) Individuals become attracted to the sex that they feel is most similar to them. D) Sexual orientation is considered to be entirely determined by genetic factors.

A

Attachments are: A) enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers. B) compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets. C) connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span. D) qualities that are central to one's identity.

A enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.

The study by Calzo and colleagues reported in the text found that the most common age at which gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults reported that they had first recognized their feelings of same-sex attraction was between: A) 7 and 8 years. B) 8 and 10 years. C) 12 and 14 years. D) 14 and 16 years.

C

What did Charles Cooley conceive of as the "looking glass self"? A) Individuals perceive their level of physical attractiveness as how they appear in the mirror. B) Individuals are unable to see themselves realistically. C) Individuals' self-esteem is a function of how others perceive them. D) Individuals' peer acceptance is a function of how physically attractive they are.

C

What has been demonstrated by research on the links between specific genes and attachment behaviors? A) There is no clear evidence linking genes and attachment. B) Insecure attachments, but not secure attachments, have a strong genetic component. C) Certain genes cause individuals to be more sensitive to the quality of the environment. D) Links between adult attachment and infant attachment are a result of shared genetics.

C

When an experimenter surreptitiously places a dot of rouge on Marlon's face and then puts him in front of the mirror, he touches the spot on his face. When the experimenter shows Marlon a photo of himself alongside photos of two other boys his age, Marlon does not recognize himself. Marlon is MOST likely to be at what age? A) 14 months old B) 17 months old C) 19 months old D) 24 months old

C

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a: A) security object. B) dependent attachment figure. C) secure base. D) working model.

C

Which behavior is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self? A) displaying separation distress B) demonstrating joint attention C) turning toward a noise D) showing happiness when controlling objects

C

Which piece of evidence is the BEST support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning? A) Children who were securely attached as infants are more likely than other children to be socially and emotionally competent. B) When security of attachment changes because of stress in the home, parent‒child interactions at the time are associated with social and emotional competence at that age. C) Among children who functioned poorly during preschool, those who had a secure attachment during infancy were more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than were other children. D) None of the answers supports this effect.

C

Annalee is 3 years old. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say? A) "I am a great dancer. See, I can do a pirouette." B) "I love to go apple picking." C) "I have brown hair." D) "My sister is a faster runner than me."

D

Darrell exhibits separation distress when his mother leaves and happily greets her when she returns. He uses her as a secure base and actively seeks out contact with his mother. Bowlby would consider Darrell to be in which phase of the development of attachment? A) attachment-in-the-making B) reciprocal relationships C) preattachment D) clear-cut attachment

D

The text describes a study in which mothers of irritable infants were taught how to be more sensitive to their infants. When infants whose mothers were trained were compared to infants in a control group, the intervention group demonstrated _____ rates of secure attachment in infancy and/but _____ rates of secure attachment when the children were of preschool age. A) similar; similar B) similar; higher C) higher; similar D) higher; higher

D

Which assertion BEST describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments? A) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate. B) Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers. C) The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate. D) The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers.

D

Which assertion is a true statement about the impact of peer, parental, and self standards on children's self-esteem? A) Over the course of childhood, peer acceptance becomes a progressively weaker effect on children's self-esteem. B) In late childhood, children's feelings of competence are tied more closely to parental evaluations than to peer evaluations. C) In adolescence, self-esteem becomes less and less tied to internalized standards. D) Adolescents who base their self-evaluations on other's standards are at increased risk for psychological problems.

D

Which behavior might be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented? A) displaying fearful smiles while approaching mother B) demonstrating severe distress when mother leaves room C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys D) all of these behaviors.

D

Which element is NOT a necessary component of children's ethnic identity? A) self-identification B) feelings and preferences C) knowledge D) pride

D