Chapter 11 Test

What are the basic causes of destruction and destruction of tropical forests?

-not valuing ecological services -crop and timber exports -government policies -poverty -population growth

What are the secondary causes of destruction and destruction of tropical forests?

-roads -fires -settler farming -cash crops -cattle ranching -logging -tree plantations

Nontarget fish species or other marine mammals caught in nets or through other fishing methods are called a. bycatch b. surplus species c. trash fish d. game species

Answer A

The Amazon basin is found in which country? a. Brazil b. India c. Costa Rica d. Australia

Answer A

This environmental activist group, composed of more than 1 million members worldwide, is responsible for buying and protecting land, waterways, and wetlands. a. The Nature Conservancy b. PETA c. The Environmental Protection Agency d. Greenpeace

Answer A

Precautionary Principle

a sharp reduction of fish harvests and the closing of some overfished areas until they recover and until we have more information about what levels of fishing can be sustained

Selective Cutting

intermediate aged or mature trees in an uneven-aged forest are cut singly or in small groups

sea lamprey

invasive species that reached the western lakes in through the welland canal in Canada as early as the 1920s

Debt for nature swap

participating countries act as costodians of protected forest reserves in return for foreign aid or debt relief

Maximum Sustainable Yield

the number of fish that can be harvested anually from a fish stock without causing a population drop

rangelands

unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that supply forage, or vegetation, for grazing (grass-eating) and browsing (shrub-eating) animals.

wild rivers

rivers that are relatively inaccessible

Why does Rosenzweig believe that cohabitation will fail?

-fully protected reserves currently are devoted to saving only about 5% of the world's terrestrial area, excluding polar and other uninhabitable areas -setting asides funds and refuges and passing laws to protect endangered and threatened species are essentially desperate attempts to save species that are in trouble

Why are tall grass prairies ideal subjects for ecological restoration?

-many residual or transplanted native plant species can be established within a few years -the technology is similar to that of gardening and agriculture -the process is well suited for volunteer labor needed to plant native species and weed out invading species until the natural species can take over

What are the most important long-term needs for protecting areas from exploitation?

-preserving biodiversity -centers for evolution

How much do bioinvaders cost the US per hour?

14 million

Rotational Grazing

A type of grazing in which cattle are confined by portable fencing to one area for a short time (often 1-2 days) and then moved to a new location

Optimum Sustained Yield

An optimum yield is the amount of fish harvested that is prescribed as such on the basis of the maximum sustainable yield from the fishery, as qualified by any relevant economic, social, or ecological factors

life raft ecosystems

Areas where people live in severe poverty and a large part of the economy depends on various ecosystem services that are being degraded severely enough to threaten the well-being of people and other forms of life.

Who wrote Voyage of the turtle?

Carl Safina

ecosystem services

Ecosystem services are the many and varied benefits that humans freely gain from the natural environment and from properly-functioning ecosystems. Such ecosystems include, for example, agroecosystems, forest ecosystems, grassland ecosystems and aquatic ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as 'ecosystem services', and are often integral to the provisioning of clean drinking water, the decomposition of wastes, and the natural pollination of crops and other plants. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s popularized the concept.There, ecosystem services are grouped into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being assigned economic values.

Endemic

Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.

Land Trust Groups

Groups that have protected large areas of land in the US by pooling their financial resources and accepting tax-deductible donations to buy and protect farmland, grasslands, woodlands, and urban greenspaces

marine protected areas

areas of ocean partially protected from human activities

Who wrote Win-Win Ecology: How Earth's species can survive in the midst of Human Enterprise?

Michael L Rosenzweig

Reconciliation Ecology

The ecological initiative by which people work together, respect each other's views, accept compromise, and find ways to share their land with the area's plants and animals.

Where did the Asian swamp eel invade?

South Florida

Emergency Action

Strategy to identify and quickly protect biodiversity hotspots - an idea first proposed in 1988 by environmental scientist Norman Myers

marine reserves

areas that are off-limits to destructive human activities

Millennium Assement

a 4-year study by 1360 experts from 95 countries that identified key ecosystems services that provide numerous ecological and economic benefits. The study pointed out about 62% of species of the earth's natural services in various ecosystems around the world, and it outlined ways to help sustain these vital ecosystem services for human and non-human life.

A River Runs Through It

a book and move that tells of how residents in the black foot river valley cherished their lifestyle

integrated coastal management

a community-based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably

buffer zone concept

a conceptual allotment of land that involves protecting an inner core of a reserve by usually establishing two buffer zones in which local people can extract resources sustainably without harming the inner core.

bycatch

a fish or other marine species that is caught unintentionally while catching certain target species and target sizes of fish, crabs etc.

Drift netting

a fishing technique where nets, called drift nets, hang vertically in the water column without being anchored to the bottom.

Purse Seine

a large wall of netting deployed around an entire area or school of fish.

comanagement

a management wildlife system in which coastal communities and the government work together to manage fisheries.

individual transfer rights

a market-based system used to control access to fisheries whereby the government gives each fishing vessel owner a specified percentage of the total allowable catch for a fishery in a given year.

Trawling

a method of fishing that involves pulling a fishing net through the water behind one or more boats.

Mitigation banking

a type of banking that allows the destruction of existing wetlands as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland is created or restored

Large Marine Systems

an approach to wildlife management that develops complex computer models for managing multispecies fisheries in large ecosystems

Multi-species Management

an approach to wildlife management that takes into account the interaction of a number of species

Asian Carp

an invasive species that took over the Mississippi River and is headed toward the Great Lakes

Community based conservation

conservation in which conservation biologists work with people to help them protect biodiversity in their local communities.

habitat corridors

corridors between isolated reserves that help to support more species and allows migration by vertebrates that need large ranges. Corridors also permit migration of individuals and populations when environmental conditions in a reserve deteriorate, forcing animals to move to a new location, and they support animals that must make seasonal migrations to obtain food. They also enable some species to shift their ranges if global climate change makes their current ranges uninhabitable.

conservation easements

deed restrictions that bar future owners from developing the land.

Longlining

fishing with a longline

forage

food for animals especially when taken by browsing or grazing

exclusive economic zones

foreign fishing vessels are allowed to take certain quotas of fish with the consent of the zone's government.

quagga mussels

mussels that invaded the Great Lakes probably discharged in the ballast water of a Russian freighter

high seas

ocean areas beyond the legal jurisdiction of any country

scenic rivers

rivers of great scenic value

Biological extinction

the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms

riparian zones

thin strips of lush vegetation along streams or rivers

What were the priorities proposed by Edward O. Wilson for protecting most of the world's remaining ecosystems and species?

-Complete the mapping of the world's terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity so we know what we have and therefore can make conservation efforts more precise and cost effective. -Keep intact the world's remaining old-growth forests and cease all logging of such forests. -Identify and preserve the world's terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity hotspots and areas where deteriorating ecosystem services threaten people and many other forms of life. -Protect and restore the world's lakes and river systems, which are the most threatened ecosystem of all. -Carry out ecological restoration projects worldwide to heal some of the damage we have done and to increase the share of the earth's land and water allotted to the rest of nature. -Find ways to make conservation financially rewarding for people who live in or near terrestrial and aquatic reserves so they can become partners in the protection of and sustainable use of the reserves

What are the effects of deforestation?

-Decreased soil fertility from erosion -Runoff of eroded soil into aquatic systems -Premature extinction of species with specialized niches -Loss of habitat for native species and migratory species such as birds and butterflies -Regional climate change from extensive cleaning -Release of CO2 into atmosphere -Acceleration of flooding -Reduced biodiversity -Ecological services

What are the ecological services of rivers?

-Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries -Deposit silt that maintains deltas -Purify water -Renew and renourish wetlands -Provide habitat for wildlife

What economic services do forests provide?

-Fuelwood -Lumber -Pulp to make paper -Mining -Livestock raising -Recreation -Jobs

What are the advantages of clear-cutting forests?

-Higher timber yields -Maximum profits in the shortest time -Can reforest with fast-growing trees -Good for tree species needing full or moderate sunlight

What is the four-point strategy for carrying out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation?

-Identify what caused the degradation (such as pollution, farming, overgrazing, mining, or invasive species) -Stop the abuse by eliminating or sharply reducing these factors. This would include removing toxic soil pollutants, adding nutrients to depleted soil, adding new topsoil, preventing fires, and controlling or eliminating disruptive non-native species. -If necessary, reintroduce species - especially pioneer, keystone, and foundation species - to help restore natural ecological processes, as was done with wolves in the Yellowstone ecosystem. -Protect the area from further degredation

What are the four points to the four-point plan of the ecosystem approach?

-Map global ecosystems and create an inventory of the species contained in each of them and the ecosystem service they provide -Locate and protect the most endangered ecosystems and species, with emphasis on protecting plant biodiversity and ecosystem service -seek to restore as many degraded ecosystems as possible -make development biodiversity-friendly by providing significant financial incentives (such as tax breaks and write-offs) and technical help to private landowners who agree to help protect endangered ecosystem.

What are the disadvantages of clear-cutting forests?

-Reduces biodiversity -Destroys and fragments wildlife habitats -Increases water pollution, flooding, and erosion on steep slopes -Eliminates most recreational value

What ecological services do forests provide?

-Support energy flow and chemical cycling -Reduce Soil Erosion -Absorb and Release water -Purify water and air -influence local and regional climate -store atmospheric carbon -provide numerous wildlife habitats

What non-native insect species and disease organisms that have invaded U.S. forests and are causing billions of dollars in damage and tree loss?

-White pine blister rust -Pine shoot beetle -Beech bark disease -Sudden oak death -Hemlock woolly adelgid

What things can be done to sustain terrestrial biodiversity?

-adopt a forest -plant trees and take care of them -recycle paper and buy recycled paper products -buy sustainably produced wood and wood products -choose wood substitutes such as bamboo furniture and recycled plastic outdoor furniture, decking, and fencing -help to restore a nearby degraded forest or grassland -landscape your yard with a diversity of plants natural to the area

What are the restoration methods for sustaining tropical forests?

-encourage regrowth through secondary succession -rehabilitate degraded areas -concentrate farming and ranching in already-cleared areas

What are the solutions to sustainable forestry?

-indentify and protect forest areas high in biodiversity -rely more on selective cutting and strip cutting -no clear-cutting on steep slopes -no logging of old-growth forests -sharply reduce road building into uncut forest areas -leave most standing dead trees and fallen timber for wildlife habitat and nutrient cycling -plant tree plantations primarily on deforested and degraded land -certify timber grown by sustainable methods -include ecological services of forests in estimating their economic value

What are the solutions for national parks?

-integrate plans for managing parks and nearby federal lands -add new parkland near threatened parks -Buy private land inside parks -Locate visitor parking outside parks and provide shuttle buses for people touring heavily used parks -increase federal funds for park maintenance and repairs -raise entry fees for visitors and use resulting funds for park management and maintenance -seek private donations for park maintenance and respairs -limit the number of visitors in crowded park areas -increase the number of park rangers and their prey -encourage volunteers to give visitor lectures and tours

What are the prevention methods for sustaining tropical forests?

-protect the most diverse and endangered areas -educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry -subsidize only sustainable forest use -protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps and conservation concessions -certify sustainably grown timber -reduce poverty -slow population growth

Biodiversity hot spots are a. layers of sedimentary rock that are especially rich in fossils. b. regions around nuclear testing zones that have higher than normal mutation rates due to increased radiation levels. c. regions that have many rare and endangered plant and animal species. d. geographical regions whose boundaries are contested between neighboring countries.

Answer C

National forest system

155 national forests managed by the US Forest Service

Strip Cutting

A variation of clear-cutting that allows for a more sustainable timber yield without widespread destruction. It involves the clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of the land within a corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration within a few years. After regeneration, loggers cut another strip of land and so on.

Health Forest Restoration Act of 2003

An act that allows timber companies to cut down economically valuable medium size and large trees in 71% of the countries national forests in return for clearing away smaller, more fire prone trees and underbrush

18.The process of fixing human-caused damage to natural ecosystems is called a. ecological restoration. b. creating artificial ecosystems. c. ecological replacement. d. ecosystem enhancement.

Answer A

CITES is a a. legislation protecting endangered species from being bought or sold. b. type of pollution particularly harmful to aquatic systems. c. type of fishing that degrades the ocean floor and is especially disruptive. d. species of fish currently coming back from the brink of extinction.

Answer A

Ecosystems that we have degraded are irreversibly damaged. a. False b. True

Answer A

Given that humans have been on the earth for a long time, modifying it to suit their own desires, it comes as no surprise to learn that aquatic species have been pushed out of at least ________% of their habitat. a. 50 b. 95 c. 99 d. 10

Answer A

Global warming leading to rising sea levels is thought to a. damage coral reefs, unless waters rise slowly enough for them to adapt, and other environmental stressors are low. b. produce no effect on coral reefs. Coral reef damage results from pollution and reef degradation, not sea level changes. c. help coral reefs since rising sea levels will open new habitat for potentially greater coral reef area. d. kill most coral reefs and mangrove forests, leading to disastrous changes in aquatic ecosystems.

Answer A

In developing nations, national parks are highly protected areas that act as sanctuaries to wildlife. a. False b. True

Answer A

We are cutting forests faster than they are able to replenish themselves. a. True b. False

Answer A

Which best illustrates an intentional desire on the part of humans to share their habitats with other species? a. constructing beehives and planting flowers that attract honeybees b. putting garbage in traditional waste cans that raccoons and possums have access to c. planting bulbs, flowers, and shrubs that deer coincidentally like to eat d. leaving crumbs on countertops and floors that cockroaches have access to

Answer A

Wild rivers are those a. that are relatively inaccessible, except by trail. b. found in national parks. c. that are of great scenic value, free of dams, mostly undeveloped, and accessible in only a few places by roads. d. that border, or are within, wildlife preserves.

Answer A

A market-based system called individual transfer rights (ITR) can be used to control access to fisheries, yet a problem with this system is a. that small fishing companies may be squeezed out of the market more easily by larger companies. b. all of the choices c. ITRs effectively transfer ownership of fisheries in publicly owned waters to commercial fishers while making the public pay for monitoring and enforcement costs. d. that total allowable catch (TAC) limits are set too high to prevent over-fishing using this system.

Answer B

Forest fires are always a bad thing. a. True b. False

Answer B

Realistic ways that we can reduce tropical rainforest deforestation and promote sustainability include a. keeping people from using tropical forests. b. educating consumers about unsustainable practices and encouraging consumption of sustainable goods. c. preventing all cutting of tropical trees. d. all of the choices

Answer B

Studies clearly indicate that a. inland wetlands' ecological value is significantly less than the health problems they generate through acting as mosquito and other parasitic organism breeding grounds. b. inland wetlands are vitally important areas that must be preserved, maintained, and/or created. c. inland wetlands have little ecological value, provide few ecological services, and may be developed without many ecological consequences. d. inland wetlands have ecological value, yet may be substituted by agricultural lands to achieve the same value.

Answer B

The "I" of the acronym HIPPCO stands for a. illegal, referring to illegal activities that result in ecosystem degradation. b. invasive, referring to invasive species. c. immediate, referring to the immediate threat that some pollutants present. d. informed, referring to education programs designed to inform people about ecosystem degradation.

Answer B

Tree plantations a. are sustainable because the trees lock all necessary soil nutrients in place. b. are an effective way to produce wood for paper mills. c. have a high biological diversity. d. are composed of many different tree species.

Answer B

Which of the following management systems deals with getting the best fish yield, taking into account interactions among species? a. complex computer models in large marine systems b. optimum sustained yield c. maximum sustained yield d. Precautionary Principle

Answer B

Average sea level a. will probably rise between 7 inches and 5 feet over the next 100 years. b. has increased by 4-8 inches over the last 100 years. c. all of the choices d. will flood many low-lying cities and nations over the next 100 years.

Answer C

Blamed for two-thirds of all fish extinctions in the U.S., this ongoing problem is a major source of ecosystem disruption. a. over fishing b. water pollution from city sewage systems c. introduced invasive species d. agricultural runoff

Answer C

Each year, up to $34 billion are given as fishing subsidies. These subsidies a. pay fishermen not to fish, offsetting their annual losses while allowing marine fish populations to recover. b. are used in education programs designed to heighten public awareness of fishing practices and needed management systems. c. provide monies for ships, fuel, equipment, and research. d. all of the choices

Answer C

Fire as a tool of forest management a. has been banned because of the danger of uncontrolled wildfires. b. has been banned because the resulting destruction is greater than the benefits. c. is important in removing organic debris so that larger forest fires may be prevented. d. is very controversial among forest scientists since there is no agreement that fires are beneficial.

Answer C

Much of the wood cut in the U.S. is used to produce pulp for making paper. We could reduce the cutting of trees used for this purpose by a. recycling more paper goods. b. making pulp from fast-growing plants instead of trees. c. all of the choices d. using less paper and using paper more efficiently.

Answer C

Scientists think that at least one-half of the world's known species live in a. tropical dryland forests. b. the cooler, drier forests (temperate deciduous forests) of North America, Europe, and Asia. c. tropical rain forests. d. the cold, dry forest (boreal forests) of Canada and Russia.

Answer C

The largest projected population growth should occur a. at large inland cities. b. along inland rivers. c. at large coastal cities. d. as development and conversion of farmland increase.

Answer C

The method of tree harvesting that is most damaging to the environment is a. all of the choices b. strip cutting. c. clear-cutting. d. selective cutting.

Answer C

The most diverse and sustainable forest type is the a. second-growth forest. b. commercial forest. c. old-growth forest. d. tree plantation.

Answer C

This vast region is economically very valuable, yet ironically is poorly understood. Because we have so much to learn, it is considered a "research frontier." a. tropical rainforests b. freshwater systems c. marine systems d. tundra

Answer C

When marine reserves are established to protect species within them, studies have shown that within 2-4 years after strict protection begins a. fish populations double. b. reproduction triples. c. all of the choices d. fish size increases by about one-third.

Answer C

Which of the following is a consequence of unsustainable logging practices and deforestation? a. increased soil erosion b. loss of biodiversity c. all of the choices d. habitat loss and/or habitat fragmentation

Answer C

Forests are important to the world's people because a. they are an important source of traditional medicines. b. they help to maintain relatively stable world temperatures. c. they help to remove and store atmospheric carbon dioxide. d. all of the choices

Answer D

In rangelands and grasslands, livestock tend to gather around ________, making these areas particularly vulnerable to damage. a. hilltops b. protected ravines c. fence rows d. water

Answer D

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) a. all of the choices b. exist entirely within the U.S. so far. c. prevent all commercial fishing within these defined areas. d. are ocean areas partially protected from human activity.

Answer D

Some 90% of fish living in the ocean spawn (reproduce) a. in the depths of the ocean. b. in the open ocean. c. off the edges of the continental shelf. d. in coral reefs, mangrove forests, coastal wetlands, and rivers.

Answer D

The area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, nation, or the world is called the a. ecological footprint. b. annual rate of consumption. c. aquatic fingerprint. d. fishprint.

Answer D

There is growing evidence that the current harmful affects of human activities on the earth's terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem services a. could be reversed, requiring about 100 years to accomplish this. b. have permanently damaged our ecosystem, and that we will not be able to reverse the damage no matter what inputs are used. c. could be reversed over the next 50 years. d. could be reversed over the next 20 years.

Answer D

What are the solutions to managing fisheries

Fishery Regulations -set catch limits well below the maximum sustainable yield -improve monitoring and enforcement of regulations Economic Approaches -sharply reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies -charge fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned offshore waters -certify sustainable fisheries Protect Areas -establish no-fishing areas -establish more marine protected areas -rely more on integrated coastal management Consumer Information -label sustainably harvested fish -publicize overfished and threatened species Bycatch -Use wide-meshed nets to allow escape of smaller fish -Use net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles -Ban throwing edible and marketable fish back into the sea Aquaculture -Restrict coastal locations for fish farms -Control pollution more strictly -Depend more on herbivorous fish species Nonnative Invasions -kill organisms in ship ballast water -filter organisms from ship ballast water -dump ballast water far at sea and replace with deep sea water

wilderness

One way to protect undeveloped lands from human exploitation is by legally setting them aside as large areas of undeveloped land called wilderness.

What are the four measures of ecosystem recovery?

Restoration - returning a particular degraded habitat or ecosystem to a condition as similar as possible to its natural state Rehabilitation - turning a degraded ecosystem into a functional or useful ecosystem without trying to restore it to its original condition. Examples include removing pollutants and replanting to reduce soil erosion in abandoned mining sites and landfills and in clear-cut forests. Replacement - replacing a degraded ecosystem with another type of ecosystem. For example, a productive pasture or tree plantation may replace a degraded forest. Creating Artificial Ecosystems - for example, creating artificial wetlands to help reduce flooding or treat sewage.

undergrazing

Some grasslands suffer from undergrazing, where absence of grazing for long periods (at least 5 years) can reduce the net primary productivity of grassland vegetation and grass cover.

Clear Cutting

The removal of all the trees from an area. It is the most efficient way for a logging operation to harvest trees, but it can do considerable harm to the ecosystem.

reconciliation or applied ecology

This science focuses on inventing, establishing, and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work, or play.

Ecological tipping point

When the forests disappear, rainfall declines and yields of the crops planted on the land drop sharply

tree plantation, also called a tree farm or commercial forest

a managed tract with uniformly aged trees of one or two genetically uniform species that usually are harvested by clear-cutting as soon as they become commercially valuable.

second-growth forest

a stand of trees resulting from secondary ecological succession

biodiversity hotspots

an idea first proposed in 1988 by environmental scientist Norman Myers. These "ecological arks" are areas especially rich in plant species that are found nowhere else and are in great danger of extinction.

old-growth forest

an uncut or regenerated primary forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200 years or more.

fishprint

is defined as the area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world.

pastures

managed grasslands or enclosed meadows usually planted with domesticated grasses or other forage.

overgrazing

occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of a rangeland area.

ecological restoration

the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics of natural ecosystems.

deforestation

the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses.