Chapter 11 - The Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms

fruiting body

(1) In myxobacteria, a complex aggregate of cells, visible to the naked eye, produced when nutrients or water are depleted; (2) in fungi, a specialized spore-producing structure.

enterics

A common name for members of the family Enterobacteriaceae. gram - rods, faculative anaerobes that ferment glucose and if motile,generally have peritrichous flagella

anoxygenic phototrophs

Photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2

anoxygenic phototrophs

Photosynthetic organisms that do not produce O2.

prosthecate bacteria

a diverse group of gram - bacteria that have projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall

nitrifiers

a diverse group of gram - bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite

myxobacteria

a group pf gram- rods that have a unique development cycle as well as a resting stage. can digest bacteria and certain algae and fungi

what are propionibacterium valuable for ?

dairy industry because their fermentation end products are important in Swiss cheese production

nitrogenase

enzyme comples that catalyzes nitrogen fixation

rhizobium

form a mutually beneficial relationship with certain types of plants. gram - rod shaped bacteria that often fix nitrogen and form intimate relationships with legumes

agrobacterium

plant pathogens that cause tumor-like growths. gram- rod shaped bacteria that have unusual mechanism of gaining a competitive advantage in soil

caulobacter

serve as a model for research on cellular differentiation . have a single polar prostheca

hyphomicrobium

similar to caulobacter species, but have a distinct method of reproduction

bordetella

small, gram- coccobacilli that only grow aerobically

methanogens

a group of archaea that generate ATP by oxidizing hydrogen gas using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor. generate methane

spirochetes

a group of gram- bacteria with a spiral shape and a unique motility mechanis, that allows them to move through thick, viscous substances such as mud

nitrogen fixation

ability to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia, which can the be incorporated into cell material.

extreme halophiles

aerobic or facultatively anaerobic chemoheterotrophs but some also obtain additional energy from light. found in high numbers in salty environments

neisseria

gram- bacteria, typically kidney-bean shaped cocci in pairs, typically aerobes but some an grow anaerobically if suitable terminal electron acceptor such as nitrite is present

haemophilus

gram- coccobacilli, "blood loving"

purple bacteria

gram- organisms that appear red, orange, or purple due to their light-harvesting pigments

green bacteria

gram- organisms that are typically green or brownish in color

azotobacter

gram- pleomorphic rod-shaped bacteria that live in soil

cyanobacteria

gram-negative oxygenic phototrophs; genetically related to chloroplasts

cyanobacteria

a diverse group of photosynthetic gam- bacteria that inhabit a wide range of environments, including freshwater and marine habitats, soils, and the surfaces of rocks

nitrite oxidizers

Nitrobacter and Nitrococcus convert nitrite to nitrate

ammonia oxidizers

Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus convert ammonium to nitrite

primary producers

Organisms that convert CO2 into organic compounds, sustaining other forms of life.

obligate intracellular parasites

Organisms that grow only inside living cells.

Chemolithotrophs

Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals

chemoorganotrophs

Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing organic chemicals

spirillum species

large gram- spiral shaped microaerophilic bacteria

thioploca and thimargarita

live in marine environments and store both sulfur and nitrate

spirochetes

long, helical bacteria that have flexible cell walls and endoflagella

methane-generating hyperthermophiles

methanothermus, an extreme thermophile

chemoorganotrophs

oxidize organic compounds such as glucose to obtain energy

bioluminescent bacteria

Bacteria that are capable of emitting light (luminescence), a reaction catalysed by the enzyme luciferase. They are predominantly marine, usually associated with fish or squid. Light emission is regulated by quorum sensing.

diseases caused by clostridium

C. tetani, C. perfringens, C. botulinum

coliforms

Facultative, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative rods that ferment lactose, producing acid and gas within 48 hours at 35°C; most reside in the intestine, so they are used as indicators of fecal pollution;

lactic acid bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria that generate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism.

methanogens

archaea that obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen gas, using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor, thereby generating methane

campylobacter and helicobacter

are microaerophilic curved gram- rods

endospore formers

bacillus and clostridia are most common gram + rod-shaped bacteria

genera of green sulfur bacteria

chlorobium and pelodictyon

clostridium and clostridiodes are members of what genera?

clostridia and are gram + that can form endospores

legionella

common in aquatic environments where they often live within protozoa. gram - obligate aerobes that us amino acids, but not carbohydrates as a source of carbon and energy

megnetotactic bacteria

contain a string of magnetic crystals that align cells with the earth's magentism. gram- spiral shaped organisms

sheathed bacteria

form chains of cells encases within a tube or sheath. sheath plays a protective role helping bacteria attach to solid objects in favorable habitats while sheltering them from attack by predators

filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

form multicellular arrangements and exhibit gliding motility. members of the genus chloroflexus, particularly thermophilic strains that grow in hot springs. have chromosomes; diverse metabolically.

acidithiobacillus

found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats, where their ability to oxidize metal sulfides can be used to recover metals

green sulfur bacteria

found in habitats similar to those preferred by purple sulfur bacteria

extreme thermophiles

found near volcanic vents and fissures that release sulfurous gases.

genus Micrococcus

gram + cocci found in soil and on dust particles, inaminate objects, and skin

hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria

gram - genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter; obligate chemolithotrophs, thermophilic

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

gram - rods or spirals, which sometimes grow in filaments. obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate. O2 serves as a terminal electron acceptor, generating sulfuric acid

purple non-sulfur bacteria

grow as phototrophs using organic molecules as a source of electrons, and many can use a metabolism similar to purple sulfur bacteria, using hydrogen gas or hydrogen sulfide as an electron source

purple sulfur bacteria

grown as colored masses in sulfur-rich aquatic habitats. are large and some are motile by flagella. preferentially use hydrogen sulfide to generate reducing power, or some can use other inorganic molecules or organic compounds such as pyruvate

Bdellovibrio

highly motile gram negative curved rods that prey on E. coli and other gram - bacteria

bacillus

include both obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

streptomyces

includes more than 500 species of aerobic gram+ bacteria that resemble fungi in their pattern of growth. form mycelium. are prokaryotes

nitrogren-fixating cyanobacteria

incorporate both N2 and CO2 into organic material, so they generate a form of these nutrients that can be used by other organisms

wolbachia

infect anthropods and parasitic worms. transmitted maternally through eggs of infected females to offspring

chlamydia and chlamydophila

initially exist as non-infectious reticulate bodies, which reproduce by binary fission.

mycoplasma

lack a cell wall

anoxic

lacked O2

clostridia

obligate anaerobes

coxiella

obligate intracellular bacterium that survives well outside the host cell. forms spore-like structures called small-cell variants. resistant to heat and disinfectants

many types of anaerobic bacteria...

obtain energy by fermentation, producing ATP only by substrate-level phosphorylation

chemolithotrophs

obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals such as H2

aerobic chemolithotrophs

obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

obligate aerobes

obtain energy using respiration exclusively; none of them can ferment

Bdellovibrio species, bioluminescnet bacteria, epulopiscium species, and legionella species

obtain nutrients from other organisms

chemotrophs

organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing chemicals

bacteroides

small, strictly anaerobic, gram- rods and coccobacilli

treponema and borrelia

spirochetes that typically inhabit body fluids and mucous membranes of humans and other animals, gram - cell wall.

genera lactic acid bacteria

streptococcus, enterococcus, lactococcus, lactobacillus, and leuconostoc

thermus (genera)

thermophilic, unusual cell wall and stain gram -

when sulfur compounds are used as terminal electron acceptors...

they become reduced to form hydrogen sulfide

vibrio

typically found in marine environments, gram- straint or clightly curved rods and are facultative anaerobes. pathogens include V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnifcus

deinococcus

unusual cell wall has multiple layers and stain gram +, resistant to damaging effects of gamma radiation

facultative anaerobes

use aerobic respiration if O2 is available, as an alternative they can ferment

oxygenic phototrophs

use water as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating O2

nitrifiers

gram- bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium or nitrite

staphylococcus

facultatively anaerobic gram+ cocci, catalase positive

beggiatoa and thiothrix

filamentous sulfur oxidizers that live in sulfur springs, in sewage-polluted waters, and on surface of marine and freshwater sediments

pseudomonas

gram - rods that have polar flagella and often produce pigments. do not ferment and are oxidase-positive. resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobial medications

lactic acid bacteria

gram+ bacteria that produce lactic acid as a major and product of their fermentative metabolism

Epulopiscium

gram+ cigar shaped bacteria that live in the intestinal tract of surgeonfish. larger than prokaryotes and each cell has thousands of copies of the chromosome scattered throughout the cell

heliobacterium

gram+ endospore forming rods related to members of the genus clostridium

Corynebacterium

gram+ pleomorphic rids (club shaped) and arranged to form V shapes or palisades (coryneforms)

propionibacterium

gram+ pleomorphic rods that produce propionic acid as their main fermentation end product

bifidobacterium

gram+, irregular, rod-shaped anaerobes that reside primarily in the intestinal tract of humans and other animals

myxobacteria

gram- bacteria that form complex multicellular structures called fruiting bodies

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

gram- bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compunds, generating sulfuric acid

aerobic chemoorganotrophs

oxidize organic compounds to obtain energy, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

oxygenic phototrophs

photosynthetic organisms that produce O2

rickettsia, orientia and ehrlichia

responisble for several serious human diseases spread by blood sucking arthropods such as ticks and lice

filamentous cyanobacteria

responsible for maintaining the structure and productivity of soils in cold desert areas. provide an important source of nitrogen and organic carbon

genera of purple non-sulfur bacteria

rhodobacter and rhodopseudomonas

Mycobacterium

widespread in nature and include harmless saprotrophs, which use nutrients from dead and decaying organic matter, as well as pathogens. needs acid-fast procedure