Chapter 12 13 Nutrition
What percentage of fruits and vegetables is water?
90%
What is pica?
Iron deficiency disease in which the person craves/consumes non food products such as chalk
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure
Where are intracellular fluids found?
Inside the cell: 2/3rds of the body's cellular fluids
What are consequences of too much calcium?
It can lead to kidney stones
Osteoporosis has virtually no effect on what?
Blood Calcium Levels
What inhibits the absorption of iron?
Phytates
What conducts electricity?
Salt
What are electrolytes?
Salts dissociated into ions; they attract water
How much of the body's calcium is found in body fluids?
1%
On average, how much fluids are excreted through urine?
2 cups
About how much calcium ingested is absorbed in adults?
30%
What percentage of meats and cheeses is water?
50%
On average, how much water should someone have in a day?
64 oz.
What is angiotensinogen?
A Protein in the Liver that is broken dow to Angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is inactive until broken down to its active form Angiotensin 2.
What is fluorosis?
A dental issue where too much fluoride is consumed and the issue is usually only during childhood development and is irreversible
What is iron overload?
A genetic failure that prevents unneeded iron in the diet from being absorbed
What is aldosterone?
A hormone that is released by the adrenal glands because of angiotensin
What is hyponatrimia?
A lack of sodium in the blood
What is Angiotensin 2 and what does it do?
A powerful vasoconstrictor that narrows the diameters of the blood vessels, thereby raising the blood pressure.
Potassium is what?
A principle intracellular cation
What is Cretinism?
A sever iodine deficiency during pregnancy that causes extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation to the fetus
Too much/too little amounts of minerals can what?
Affect other minerals
The distinction between the major and trace minerals reflect the?
Amounts of their contents in the body.
What is Renin?
An enzyme released by kidney cells when blood pressure is low; it tells the kidneys to reabsorbs sodium
What is ADH?
Antidiuretic hormone that is released by the pituitary gland when blood volume or blood pressure is to low.
What is the important function of Selenium?
Antioxidant nutrient: it fights against oxidation
What are the roles of phosphorus in the body?
Assists in energy metabolism, part of the major buffer system, part of DNA and RNA therefore it is necessary for growth
A measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed
Bioavailability.
What are the kidneys central in the regulation of?
Blood pressure and blood volume
What are the major functions of Magnesium?
Bone health, part of the protein making machine, helps with the immune system, and is necessary for energy metabolism
What are calciums roles in the body?
Bone structure and Calcium Bank
Where is manganese found in the body?
Bone, Liver, Pancreas, Kidneys
Most of the body's magnesium can be found in the:
Bones
Which two major minerals help maintain fluid/electrolyte balance?
Calcium and Chloride
Which two major minerals aid in muscle contractions and nerve impulse transmission?
Calcium and Potassium
What it the trace mineral that participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates?
Chromium
What does the term major mineral mean when describing the minerals in the body?
Essential minerals the body needs in large amounts
What does the term trace mineral mean when describing the minerals in the body?
Essential minerals the body needs in small amounts
What are consequences of too little calcium?
Early on it can cause a limited ability to peak with bone mass/density; also results in bone loss which can lead to osteoperosis
What is a source of manganese?
Grain products
What is Cortical Bone?
Hard outer shell of the bone and gives up calcium to the blood; loss begins to occur around age 40
What are the major functions of Chloride?
Helps create gastric acid in the stomach to help break down protein, helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance
What are the major functions of Potassium?
Helps maintain cell integrity and aids in muscle contractions and nerve impulse transmission
What does copper help make?
Hemoglobin
What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?
Hemoglobin
What is the medical name for "Iron Overload"?
Heredity hemochromatosis
What is the major function of hemosiderin?
Releases iron more slowly than ferritin and is another storage protein
What kind of compounds are minerals?
In-organic
What is the primary function of manganese?
It is a cofactor for enzymes that facilitate metabolism
What is Iron Deficiency?
It refers to the depleted body iron stores without regard to the degree of depletion or to the presence of anemia
What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?
It refers to the severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentration
How does fluoride help with fighting dental caries?
It replaces the hydroxyl in the hydroxyapatite to make fluorapatite which makes teeth stronger and protect from dental decay
High amounts of sodium is equal to what kind of amounts of potassium?
Low
What are significant sources of calcium?
Milk and milk products
Is dietary deficiency of sodium likely?
No, because diets rarely lack it and even when their intakes are low, the body adapts by reducing it's losses in urine and sweat
Is dietary deficiency of phosphorus likely?
No, it is rare because it is commonly found in almost all foods
What does ADH do?
Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.
What are the major functions of Sulfur?
Part of proteins and helps stabilize their shape, part of biotin, thiamine, and the hormone insulin
Which two major minerals assist in energy metabolism?
Phosphorus and Magneisum
What is the single most important factor in bone growth in adolescence?
Physical Activity
Principal cation in Intracellular fluid
Potassium
What are the key fluid balanced nutrients?
Potassium, sodium, and chloride
Which would provide the most potassium?
Potatoes
How does the body keep blood calcium constant regardless of intake?
The bones provide a nearly inexhaustible bank of calcium for the blood. The blood borrows and returns calcium as needed, so even with an inadequate diet, levels stay normal
Phosphorus assists in many activities in the body, but not:
The clotting of blood.
How do the kidneys regulate blood sodium?
They filter out sodium out of the blood and returns the amount of sodium needed back to the blood; they also excrete excess water and sodium after water consumption
What is calcium tetany?
Too little calcium in the blood which results in uncontrollable muscle contraction; too little Vitamin D or abnormal secretion of regulatory hormones
What is calcium rigor?
Too much calcium in the blood which results in muscle contraction without relaxation; too little Vitamin D or abnormal secretion of regulatory hormones
What is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues?
Transferrin
What is function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?
Using ATP as an energy source, it actively exchanges sodium for potassium across the cell membrane
What enhances the absorption of Iron?
Vitamin C, Sugar (Fructose), and MFP(Meats, fish, poultry)
Calcium homeostasis depends on:
Vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.
What is the majority of body weight?
Water
Where sodium goes...
Water follows
Who typically has less iron?
Women and old people
Which trace mineral are pancreatic enzymes rich in?
Zinc
What does selenium help prevent?
Free radical formation
Principal anion in Intracellular fluid
Hydrogen Phosphate
What does aldosterone do?
Signals the kidneys to excrete potassium and to retain more sodium, therefore, more water
The principal cation in extracellular fluids is:
Sodium.
What is trabecular bone?
Soft, spongy bone that gives up calcium when diet runs out; loss begins around age 30
What is the relationship between calcium and phosphorus?
85% of phosphorus in the body is combined with calcium in the hydroxyapatite crystals of bone and teeth
Principal anion in extracellular fluid
Chloride
What is nonheme iron?
Found in foods derived from plants and animals, about 17% is absorbed in the body
What is heme iron?
Found in foods only derived from flesh, represents about 10% of iron consumed in a day, about 25% is absorbed in the body
What do contaminent minerals do?
Impairs the body's growth, work capacity, and general health
The role of chloride in the stomach is to help:
Maintain a strong acidity.
What is the major function of sodium in the body?
Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions
Too much sodium leads to what?
More water retention and high blood pressure
What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells?
Myoglobin
Where are extracellular fluids found?
Outside the cell: 1/3rd of the body's cellular fluids
Ways to reach toxicity of potassium?
Overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements
Calcium absorption is hindered by:
Oxalates
The body generates water during what?
Oxidation of energy yielding nutrients through the electron transport chain.
Principal cation in extracellular fluid is?
Sodium
Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?
The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition
What is osmosis?
The movement of water across a membrane to the more concentrated solutes