Chapter 12 13 Nutrition

What percentage of fruits and vegetables is water?

90%

What is pica?

Iron deficiency disease in which the person craves/consumes non food products such as chalk

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure

Where are intracellular fluids found?

Inside the cell: 2/3rds of the body's cellular fluids

What are consequences of too much calcium?

It can lead to kidney stones

Osteoporosis has virtually no effect on what?

Blood Calcium Levels

What inhibits the absorption of iron?

Phytates

What conducts electricity?

Salt

What are electrolytes?

Salts dissociated into ions; they attract water

How much of the body's calcium is found in body fluids?

1%

On average, how much fluids are excreted through urine?

2 cups

About how much calcium ingested is absorbed in adults?

30%

What percentage of meats and cheeses is water?

50%

On average, how much water should someone have in a day?

64 oz.

What is angiotensinogen?

A Protein in the Liver that is broken dow to Angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is inactive until broken down to its active form Angiotensin 2.

What is fluorosis?

A dental issue where too much fluoride is consumed and the issue is usually only during childhood development and is irreversible

What is iron overload?

A genetic failure that prevents unneeded iron in the diet from being absorbed

What is aldosterone?

A hormone that is released by the adrenal glands because of angiotensin

What is hyponatrimia?

A lack of sodium in the blood

What is Angiotensin 2 and what does it do?

A powerful vasoconstrictor that narrows the diameters of the blood vessels, thereby raising the blood pressure.

Potassium is what?

A principle intracellular cation

What is Cretinism?

A sever iodine deficiency during pregnancy that causes extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation to the fetus

Too much/too little amounts of minerals can what?

Affect other minerals

The distinction between the major and trace minerals reflect the?

Amounts of their contents in the body.

What is Renin?

An enzyme released by kidney cells when blood pressure is low; it tells the kidneys to reabsorbs sodium

What is ADH?

Antidiuretic hormone that is released by the pituitary gland when blood volume or blood pressure is to low.

What is the important function of Selenium?

Antioxidant nutrient: it fights against oxidation

What are the roles of phosphorus in the body?

Assists in energy metabolism, part of the major buffer system, part of DNA and RNA therefore it is necessary for growth

A measure of the rate at which a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body is termed

Bioavailability.

What are the kidneys central in the regulation of?

Blood pressure and blood volume

What are the major functions of Magnesium?

Bone health, part of the protein making machine, helps with the immune system, and is necessary for energy metabolism

What are calciums roles in the body?

Bone structure and Calcium Bank

Where is manganese found in the body?

Bone, Liver, Pancreas, Kidneys

Most of the body's magnesium can be found in the:

Bones

Which two major minerals help maintain fluid/electrolyte balance?

Calcium and Chloride

Which two major minerals aid in muscle contractions and nerve impulse transmission?

Calcium and Potassium

What it the trace mineral that participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates?

Chromium

What does the term major mineral mean when describing the minerals in the body?

Essential minerals the body needs in large amounts

What does the term trace mineral mean when describing the minerals in the body?

Essential minerals the body needs in small amounts

What are consequences of too little calcium?

Early on it can cause a limited ability to peak with bone mass/density; also results in bone loss which can lead to osteoperosis

What is a source of manganese?

Grain products

What is Cortical Bone?

Hard outer shell of the bone and gives up calcium to the blood; loss begins to occur around age 40

What are the major functions of Chloride?

Helps create gastric acid in the stomach to help break down protein, helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance

What are the major functions of Potassium?

Helps maintain cell integrity and aids in muscle contractions and nerve impulse transmission

What does copper help make?

Hemoglobin

What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream?

Hemoglobin

What is the medical name for "Iron Overload"?

Heredity hemochromatosis

What is the major function of hemosiderin?

Releases iron more slowly than ferritin and is another storage protein

What kind of compounds are minerals?

In-organic

What is the primary function of manganese?

It is a cofactor for enzymes that facilitate metabolism

What is Iron Deficiency?

It refers to the depleted body iron stores without regard to the degree of depletion or to the presence of anemia

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia?

It refers to the severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentration

How does fluoride help with fighting dental caries?

It replaces the hydroxyl in the hydroxyapatite to make fluorapatite which makes teeth stronger and protect from dental decay

High amounts of sodium is equal to what kind of amounts of potassium?

Low

What are significant sources of calcium?

Milk and milk products

Is dietary deficiency of sodium likely?

No, because diets rarely lack it and even when their intakes are low, the body adapts by reducing it's losses in urine and sweat

Is dietary deficiency of phosphorus likely?

No, it is rare because it is commonly found in almost all foods

What does ADH do?

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.

What are the major functions of Sulfur?

Part of proteins and helps stabilize their shape, part of biotin, thiamine, and the hormone insulin

Which two major minerals assist in energy metabolism?

Phosphorus and Magneisum

What is the single most important factor in bone growth in adolescence?

Physical Activity

Principal cation in Intracellular fluid

Potassium

What are the key fluid balanced nutrients?

Potassium, sodium, and chloride

Which would provide the most potassium?

Potatoes

How does the body keep blood calcium constant regardless of intake?

The bones provide a nearly inexhaustible bank of calcium for the blood. The blood borrows and returns calcium as needed, so even with an inadequate diet, levels stay normal

Phosphorus assists in many activities in the body, but not:

The clotting of blood.

How do the kidneys regulate blood sodium?

They filter out sodium out of the blood and returns the amount of sodium needed back to the blood; they also excrete excess water and sodium after water consumption

What is calcium tetany?

Too little calcium in the blood which results in uncontrollable muscle contraction; too little Vitamin D or abnormal secretion of regulatory hormones

What is calcium rigor?

Too much calcium in the blood which results in muscle contraction without relaxation; too little Vitamin D or abnormal secretion of regulatory hormones

What is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues?

Transferrin

What is function of the Sodium-Potassium pump?

Using ATP as an energy source, it actively exchanges sodium for potassium across the cell membrane

What enhances the absorption of Iron?

Vitamin C, Sugar (Fructose), and MFP(Meats, fish, poultry)

Calcium homeostasis depends on:

Vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.

What is the majority of body weight?

Water

Where sodium goes...

Water follows

Who typically has less iron?

Women and old people

Which trace mineral are pancreatic enzymes rich in?

Zinc

What does selenium help prevent?

Free radical formation

Principal anion in Intracellular fluid

Hydrogen Phosphate

What does aldosterone do?

Signals the kidneys to excrete potassium and to retain more sodium, therefore, more water

The principal cation in extracellular fluids is:

Sodium.

What is trabecular bone?

Soft, spongy bone that gives up calcium when diet runs out; loss begins around age 30

What is the relationship between calcium and phosphorus?

85% of phosphorus in the body is combined with calcium in the hydroxyapatite crystals of bone and teeth

Principal anion in extracellular fluid

Chloride

What is nonheme iron?

Found in foods derived from plants and animals, about 17% is absorbed in the body

What is heme iron?

Found in foods only derived from flesh, represents about 10% of iron consumed in a day, about 25% is absorbed in the body

What do contaminent minerals do?

Impairs the body's growth, work capacity, and general health

The role of chloride in the stomach is to help:

Maintain a strong acidity.

What is the major function of sodium in the body?

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions

Too much sodium leads to what?

More water retention and high blood pressure

What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells?

Myoglobin

Where are extracellular fluids found?

Outside the cell: 1/3rd of the body's cellular fluids

Ways to reach toxicity of potassium?

Overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements

Calcium absorption is hindered by:

Oxalates

The body generates water during what?

Oxidation of energy yielding nutrients through the electron transport chain.

Principal cation in extracellular fluid is?

Sodium

Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals?

The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition

What is osmosis?

The movement of water across a membrane to the more concentrated solutes