Tom Holder Bio II Exam #2
Which primary tissue is used for protection of growing plant organs and support for cortex, but is non elongating?
sclerenchyma
Which type of growth (primary or secondary) produces the "woody tissue" of a plant?
secondary
What is the term that refers to the expansion of plant organs?
secondary growth
What does the outside of the vascular cambium produce?
secondary phloem (inner bark)
What is the term that refers to the part of a stem that produces secondary growth and produces cells in a ringed growth pattern?
vascular cambium
When the guard cells are open, what is moving in and out of the stomata?
water and oxygen are moving out, and CO2 is moving in
What is an ovule enclosed in?
within ovary of pistil
Where do the essential processes of sexual reproduction occur?
within the flower
Which type of plant tissue is used to conduct water and minerals?
xylem
Do lateral meristems exhibit secondary growth?
yes
How many gallons of water does corn require to live on land?
55
How many macronutrients (elements) are there for plants?
6
How many micronutrients are there?
7
What is the term that is used to refer to the alternation between diploid and haploid body plans?
Alternation of Generations
Flowering plants are known as what?
Angiosperms
Why is water considered to be so accessible?
Because it occurs in all 3 forms in earth's temperature
Which micronutrient is associated with membrane structure and necessary for nucleic acid synthesis?
Boron (B)
Which macronutrient is an enzyme activator and a component of chlorophyll?
Magnesium (Mg)
Which micronutrient is an enzyme activator, component of chloroplast membrane, and is involved in oxygen released in chloroplast used in photosynthesis?
Manganese (Mn)
Which micronutrient assists in nitrogen fixation and absorption?
Molybdenum (Mo)
Which macronutrient is a component of nucleic acid, ATP, coenzymes, and phospholipids?
Phosphorus (P)
What phylum are angiosperms found in?
Phylum Anthophyta
Which macronutrient is an enzyme activator and is also involved in the opening and closing of leaf stomata and the ionic balance of cells?
Potassium (K)
Which macronutrient is composed of proteins and coenzymes for cellular reproduction?
Sulfur (S)
Where do the other 13 essential elements come from?
They come from the soil and are necessary for normal growth and development. (absorbed as water is absorbed by roots)
Where do plants receive the 3 essential elements from?
They receive them from CO2 and H20 in atmosphere/soil
What are the 3 differences between translocation and transpiration?
Translocation: 1. bidirectional movement 2. occurs in phloem tissue 3. must expend ATP Transpiration: 1. unidirectional movement 2. occurs in xylem tissue 3. uses sunlight tissue; no ATP expended
True or False: Both RAM and SAM exhibit primary growth.
True
True or False: Monocots feature only primary growth.
True
True or False: Water is a temperature stabilizer and transport medium.
True
True or False: Water moves until it is equally distributed among cells
True
True or False: Nearly all chemical reactions occur in water.
True
True or False: Sporophytes produce fruits and flowers.
True
After the potassium is pumped in and the ATP is expended, what occurs?
Water from the xylem moves by osmosis into guard cells and they become turgid (swollen)
Which micronutrient is an enzyme activator and a component of many enzymes?
Zinc (Zn)
What is the number that meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by?
a half
Where is the stem located most of the time?
above ground
Which plant hormone is found in mature leaves, dormant buds, and seeds?
abscisic acid
What is the term that refers to when leaves or parts of a plant falls off?
abscision
Water is said to stick tightly to other polar molecules. What is the term that refers to this characteristic?
adhesive
Where are gibberellins transported after they are secreted by the embryo?
allurone layer
What is referred to as bilobed with 2 pollen chambers per lobe?
anther
What is the plant hormone that is the 1st hormone group to be isolated nearly 200 years ago?
auxins
Do roots exhibit primary or secondary growth?
both
What do vascular cambium and cork cambium have in common?
both retain cell division properties to produce "rings" of secondary tissue
What is the term that refers to the movement of molecules in response to pressure and gravity from higher to lower pressure?
bulk flow
What is the term that refers to the collection of sepals?
calyx
What part of the ideal flower is used to protect unopened buds and is not photosynthetic?
calyx
What carbohydrate does water adhere tightly to?
cellulose
Water is said to stick together tightly. What is the term that refers to this characteristic?
cohesive
Which primary tissue is used for protection of growing plant organs and support for cortex?
collenchyma
What is the term that refers to type of cell that loads and unloads sieve tube members (STMs)?
companion cells
What part of the ideal flower is used to attract pollinators?
corolla
What do dicot stems have that monocot stems do not?
cortex
What is the term that refers to the embryonic leaves that emerge with embryo?
cotyledons
What is the term that refers to the transfer of pollen between plants and is the most common and causes the greatest genetic diversity?
cross pollination
What hormone was the first hormone isolated in coconuts?
cytokinins
Which group of angiosperms makes up the major portion of angiosperms?
dicots
What is the term that refers to the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without expended energy?
diffusion
What is enclosed inside the seed and directs the breakdown of food storage?
embryo
What is a major advantage of seed plants?
embryonic seed
What does the cork cambium replace?
epidermis and cortex
Which primary tissue is used as the outermost tissue used for protection?
epidermis tissue
Which hormone may not be an actually a hormone, but it affects the growth and is not transported within the plant, but is actually a gas that is released from the plant?
ethylene (makes me think of ethanol which is gas)
What does the energy from sunlight cause?
evaporation
True or False: During bulk flow (pressure and potential differences) and osmosis (water potential and differences) energy is expended.
false
True or False: Flower and the sexual cycle occur in both gymnosperms and angiosperms.
false
True or False: Like primary growth, secondary growth occurs in all plants.
false
True or False: The androecium and gynomecium are sterile leaves?
false
True or False: Hormones do not interact with external environment factors.
false
True or False: As the plant gets older, growth gets bigger.
false; growth gets smaller
True or False: Water exhibits a low degree of hydrogen bonding.
false; it exhibits a great degree of hydrogen bonding
True or False: The phloem is always above the xylem in the anatomy of a plant.
false; xylem is always above the phloem
What term is used to refer to the root that lacks a main root, but has many smaller branching roots off of the stem?
fibrous root system
Where is the hormone cytokinins produced at?
fruits, seeds, and in roots
What 1 thing does the hormone ethylene inhibit?
growth
When stomata are closed, what has occurred?
guard cells are low in water
When stomata are open, what has occurred?
guard cells have become full of water
What is the term that refers to "chemical messengers" that are produced in one part of an organism and transported to another region to cause a physiological response?
hormones
What can you tell by the annual rings around the pith (secondary xylem) of a plant?
how old the plant is
Does syngamy increase or decrease chromosome #?
increase
Plant hormones can be ____ and _____.
inhibiting;promoting
What is the term that refers to the region between nodes where elongation occurs?
internode
What is starch broken down into, and what does it yield?
it breaks down into glucose and it yields ATP through cellular respiration
What happens to the first ring of secondary phloem as the plant grows?
it gets crushed
When the guard cells are closed, what is moving in and out of the stomata?
it holds water in, no CO2 is let in, and no Oxygen is let out
The transpirational stream is known as unidirectional. What does this mean?
it moves in one direction from the soil up.
Where does primary growth occur in a plant?
it occurs in the roots, stems, and leaves of ALL plants
When does the cork cambium start appearing in a plant?
late in the first year before the plant stops growing
What is the term that is used to refer to the "rings" of cells in stems or roots?
lateral meristem
What does the hormone cytokinins inhibit?
leaf senescence
What makes up the shoot, and what are their functions?
leaves (photosynthesis) stems (supports leaves and used for transport)
Are sporophytes microscopic or macroscopic?
macroscopic
When referring to plants what does the prefix "micro" refer to?
male parts
What is the term that refers to the reduction of chromosome number and the changing of generation?
meiosis
What are located at the tips of roots and shoots?
meristem
What term is used to refer to the "cell factory" in which cells are constantly undergoing division?
meristem
What is the term that is referred to as trace nutrients that are less than 1000 mg/kg dry weight?
micronutrients
Are gametophytes microscopic or macroscopic?
microscopic
What is the development of a plant due to?
mitosis and cytokinesis
The seedling plant the result of?
mitosis/cytokinesis and an increase in cell size
What are the two major groups of angiosperms?
monocots and dicots
Which types of root systems do dicots and monocots display?
monocots-fibrous root system dicots-tap root system
How much do plants require of macronutrients?
more than 1 gram
When do growth inhibiting hormones usually occur?
mostly fall and winter
When do growth promoting hormones usually occur?
mostly summer and spring
How many cotyledon(s) do dicots have?
multiple
What type of venation does a dicot leaf possess?
net venation
Which macronutrient is a component of proteins, nucleic acid, coenzymes, and chlorophyll?
nitrogen (N)
Which 3 macronutrients are needed in the greatest quantity?
nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, (calcium)
What term refers to any point at which a leaf, bud, or stem arises?
node
What two things only occur with the shoot?
node and internode
How many cotyledon(s) do monocots have?
one
The CAT mechanism "pulls" how many water molecules at a time?
one
What is the term that refers to the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
osmosis
What is a future seed called?
ovule
What type of venation does a monocot leaf possess?
parallel venation
Which primary tissue is used for storage and is part of the pith and cortex, and is also the most abundant primary tissue?
parenchyma
What parts of the ideal flower are considered 2 n (sporophyte generation)?
pedical, receptacle, and 4 sets of modified leaves
What is the area between the phloem and the outer layer called?
periderm
Which type of tissue is used to conduct food and solutes?
phloem
What are hormones mostly transported through?
phloem tissue
When a water molecule is broken, what can occur?
photosynthesis
What are the 2 major functions of the leaf?
photosynthesis and transpiration
What part of the ideal flower is the female part and is collectively called the gynomecium and produces eggs?
pistil
Is water a polar or non polar molecule?
polar
What parts of the idea flower are considered the gametophyte generation?
pollen and egg
What is the term that refers to the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma?
pollination
What is the most accepted mechanism for the movement of food in plants?
pressure flow hypothesis
What is the term that refers to the elongation of plant organs?
primary growth
Which primary tissue is used as the conductive tissue for food and solutes and makes a plant vascular?
primary phloem
Which primary tissue is used as the conductive tissue for water and minerals and makes a plant vascular?
primary xylem
Is the hormone Auxin growth inhibiting or promoting?
promoting
What is the term that refers to the first root that is first to emerge and grows down when a seed cracks?
radicle
Do meiosis/cytokinesis increase or decrease chromosome #?
reduces
Which region of the root is where the cell constantly divides?
region of cell division
Which region of the root is where the cells enlarge and the root elongates?
region of elongation
Which region of the root is where the cells mature into tissue?
region of maturation
What is the main function of guard cells?
regulate stomata and control water loss
What does the stopping and starting of growth cause?
rings of bark
What plant organ is considered the "sink"?
root
Which region of the root is used as protection of the RAM?
root cap
Where does secondary growth occur?
roots and stems
What is the term that refers to the movement of solutes (and sometimes hormones)?
translocation
What is the term that refers to the loss of water exiting through the stomata of a leaf due to evaporation?
transpiration
True or False: ATP is spent only by companion cells at the source and the sink.
true
True or False: All hormones require ATP energy for transport through the phloem.
true
True or False: Dicots all have primary growth, and most exhibit secondary growth.
true
True or False: Each sieve tube has companion cells?
true
True or False: The calyx and corolla are considered sterile leaves?
true
True or False: Water is said to be the best biological stabilizer.
true
True or False: With osmosis, water passes freely through membrane, but solutes do not.
true
True or False: Ovules are always enclosed.
true (angiosperms)
Where are roots mostly located at?
underground
During the daytime/sunlight, what is running low in the leaf of the plant and why?
CO2 because it is being used up because the stomata are closed and the water is being lost
Which macronutrient is a component of cell walls, regulator of membrane/enzyme activities, and in membrane permeability?
Calcium (C)
What 3 elements do plants must have?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Which micronutrient is involved in ion balance and oxygen production in photosynthesis?
Chlorine (Cl)
Which micronutrient is an activator or component of many enzymes involved in oxidation and reduction?
Copper (Cu)
True or False: Gametophytes do not produce pollen or embryonic sac. Instead, they produce flowers and fruits.
False
True or False: There are more species of monocots than dicots.
False
True or False: The goal of the Alteration of Generations is to get to a gametophyte.
False; it is to get to the sporophyte
True or False: Energy is expended through the CAT mechanism.
False; the pull is all the way down the plant
What is plant hormone that is produced throughout whole plant but is highly concentrated in seeds?
Gibberellins
Since CO2 is given off, what happens?
Guard cells "pump" in potassium which requires ATP expenditure and this changes the solute and ion concentration
Plants grow until they die, so they never stop growing. What term is used to describe that process?
Indeterminate
Which micronutrient is necessary for chlorophyll production; component of cytochromes and nitrogenase?
Iron (Fe)
What is each water molecule tightly bonded to?
4 other water molecules
What is within the ovule?
1 large 2n cell (megamother cell)
What are the two types of Apical Meristem?
1. RAM (root apical meristem) 2. SAM (shoot apical meristem)
What 2 things does ethylene promote?
1. abscision of leaves, fruits, and flowers 2. fruit ripening
What are the 3 functions of roots?
1. anchorage 2. storage 3. absorption of water/minerals from soil
What 2 things does the hormone Auxin inhibit?
1. bud development 2. the abscision of leaves, flowers, and fruits
What 2 things do the hormone cytokinins promote?
1. cell division 2. development of bud
At the source, what occurs?
1. companion cells pumps sucrose into STMs 2. increasing chemical concentration, decreasing water within STM 3. adjacent xylem has higher water potential than STMs; water moves into STMs by osmosis
At the sink, what occurs?
1. companion cells unload sucrose (ATP expended) 2. sucrose is converted to starch for storage in root cortex 3. without sucrose, water potential changes, higher water potential in STM 4. water moves by osmosis from STM to adjacent xylem
What are the 2 characteristics of dicot stems?
1. exhibits primary and secondary growth 2. its vascular bundles are in a ring
What are the 2 characteristics of monocot stems?
1. exhibits primary growth 2. has scattered vascular bundles
What 3 things does abscisic acid inhibit?
1. growth 2. cell elongation 3. alpha-amylase production
What 5 things does the hormone auxin promote?
1. growth 2. cell elongation 3. stem elongation 4. stem expansion 5. development of fruit
What 6 things do plant hormones control?
1. growth 2. seed germination 3. flowering 4. fruiting 5. shedding leaves 6. color loss in leaves
What internal factors effect the growth from a seed? (4)
1. hormones 2. stored food 3. absorption of water 4. embryo swelling
What are the five characteristics of sporophytes?
1. macroscopic 2. dominant part of the life of a plant 3. produces flowers and fruits 4. spore producing 5. has meiospores
What are the five characteristics of gametophytes?
1. microscopic 2. has 2-7 cells 3. produces pollen and embryonic sac 4. gamete producing 5. has embryo sac
What are the two similarities between translocation and transpiration?
1. physical properties are important 2. movement of properties from high to low
What three things grow as a seed coat cracks?
1. radicle 2. shoot 3. cotyledon
What are the four regions of root?
1. region of maturation 2. region of elongation 3. region of cell division 4. root cap
What are the three plant organs?
1. roots 2. stems 3. leaves
What 3 things does the seed contain?
1. seed coats 2. embryo 3. stored food
What 3 things does the hormone gibberellins promote?
1. stem elongation by cell elongation 2. cell division 3. breakdown of food pressure in germinating seeds
What external factors affect the growth from a seed? (4)
1. sunlight 2. temperature 3. increased day length 4. soil moisture
What are the 4 environmental factors that plant hormones interact with?
1. temperature 2. soil temperature 3. soil moisture 4. day length
What 2 things does abscisic acid promote?
1. the aleurone layer by the production of storage compound in seeds to prevent early germination 2. leaf senescence
What is the importance of water? (4)
1. used for conduction 2. cell elongation 3. solvant for most substances 4. support for plant organs
What are the 3 agents of seed dispersal?
1. wind 2. water 3. animals
What are the 3 pollination agents?
1. wind 2. water 3. animals (most common with trick and reward)
How many essential elements are there for plant nutrition?
16
What many types of cells do phloem tissues consist of? What are they called?
2; sieve tube members and companion cells
What does the hormone ethylene interact with to regulate cell size and shape?
3 growth hormones
What is the significance of the location of secondary tissue growth in relation to the cambium ring?
secondary tissues are toward the inside and outside of the cambium ring which means that the stem is expanding outwards (lateral meristem)
What does the inside of the vascular cambium produce?
secondary xylem (wood)
What is the term that refers to a membrane that restricts molecules from moving in and out?
selectively permeable membrane
What is the term that refers to the transfer of pollen between the same flower or the same plant and causes low genetic diversity?
self pollination
What is the term that refers to the breakdown of chlorophyll and changing of colors?
senescence
What is the term that refers to the small leaves under a flower?
sepal
What is the term referred to as the pollen formation within anther of stamen?
sexual cycle
What is the term that refers to the second growth (stem and leaves) and grows up?
shoot
What is the term that refers to the bud- a new shoot inside the SAM?
shoot tip
Where is the hormone Auxin produced in?
shoot tips, leaves, fruits, and seeds
What is the term that refers to the only cells in the plant that lack nucleus?
sieve tube member
What is the term that refers to the storage site or site where sugar is quickly needed?
sink
Where is food stored in the plant?
sink
What is the route of the transpirational stream?
soil>root epidermis>root cortex>root xylem>stem xylem>leaf xylem>mesophyll>evaporates>atmosphere
What is the term that refers to the lesser amount in a solution, usually not liquid?
solute
What is the term that refers to a mixture of 2 or more molecules?
solution
What is the term that refers to a molecule in the greatest quantity of a solution?
solvent
What is term that refers to the region where food is produced and the site of excess carbohydrate?
source
Food is moved from ____ to _____.
source to sink
Do sporophytes produce spores or gametes?
spores
What part of the ideal flower is the male part and is collectively called the andromecium, and produces pollen?
stamen
What does the enzyme alpha-amylase break down?
starch
What organs of a plant make up the "shoot?"
stems and leaves
What is found outside of the leaf at the beginning and is then pumped down to root?
sucrose
When food is dissolved in water, what is it moved in the form of?
sucrose
What ultimately contributes to the water loss that occurs in a plant?
sunlight energy
What is the term that refers to the restoration of chromosome number and the changing of generation?
syngamy
What term is used to refer to the one main root with many branching roots off of it?
tap root system
What is the term that refers to the pull due to water loss by evaporation from mesophyll?
tension
What causes the swelling and creaking of the seed coat?
the absorption of water into the seed
What does the growth of seeds require?
the breaking of dormancy through combination of internal and external factors
When gibberellins arrive at the allurone layer, what do they cause the allurone layer to secrete?
the enzyme alpha-amylase which breaks down starch
Where are the rings being produced in relation to the cork cambium?
the inside and outside of the cork cambium
What is the que for the breakdown of food storage to occur?
the intake of water
What plant organ is considered the "source"?
the leaf
What does the embryo secrete after the seed swells?
the plant hormone gibberellins
What does the allurone layer surround?
the seed
The CAT mechanism is considered a fully physical process after what is opened?
the stomata
What does the inside and outside of the cork cambium produce?
they both produce the periderm (outer bark)
When the guard cells swell, what happens to the stomata?
they open causing to pump out the K, and water moves out
Once the water moves out, what happens to the guard cells?
they shrink and close
What does it mean when it is said that plant hormones are "antagonistic" with each other?
they work against each other
When a plant is "heated," it causes evaporation of water from the cell, and what does that cause?
this causes lower water concentration in mesophyll which causes a "pull" of water molecules by osmosis from leaf xylem; the pull from stem; pull from root xylem; pulling water/nutrients from the soil
What is the term that is referred to as the aggregation of functionally similar cells?
tissue
What is the ovule attached to?
to the central axis of hollow ovary or to ovary wall
