Honors English 12 A Unit 4: The Renaissance: 1485 - 1660

Abyss

Bottomless pit; seemingly endless chasm

He ate with only a spoon because he had to hold onto his food with his other hand.

C = complex

In 1984, Byron Lichtenberg, who is a biomedical engineer, became a member of a spacecraft crew.

C = complex

Lichtenberg discovered that dealing with zero gravity was difficult.

C = complex

Lichtenberg found that eating was not easy either.

C = complex

Defray

Pay a cost or expense

Hearkens

Pays close attention to; listens to

Joyce used both in Ulysses, which is one of his finest works.

adjectival clause

Nevertheless, this is a novel that is worth the work.

adjectival clause

The translators who collected the fables added other stories they knew.

adjectival clause

To the Lighthouse alternates between the thoughts of Mr. Ramsay, whose mind works rationally and dispassionately, and those of his wife, a creative, intuitive person.

adjectival clause

Which of the following is a synonym for the vocabulary word trepidation?

apprehension

How comes it then that this her cold so great / Is not dissolved through my so hot desire, / But harder grows the more I her entreat? ("Sonnet 30")

ask earnestly

Moving of th' earth brings harms and fears, / Men reckon what it did and meant, / But trepidation of the spheres, / Though greater far, is innocent. ("A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning")

fear

Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, / Haply I think on thee, and then my state, / Like to the lark at break of day arising / From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate ("Sonnet 29")

gloomy

Which of the following is a synonym of sullen?

glum

The first step in outlining is to ___.

group supporting details into categories.

What caused Satan to be cast out of heaven in Paradise Lost?

his pride

What is the tone of "Sonnet 130"?

humorous and realistic

Do you know what a fable is?

noun clause

It takes effort to imagine how Faulkner envisioned the world through the eyes of Benjy Compson.

noun clause

That his sympathies were with the cook Dilsey is clear.

noun clause

What we know as Aesop's Fables certainly includes tales from older sources.

noun clause

Let me not to the marriage of true minds / Admit impediments. ("Sonnet 116")

obstacles

Chide

Rebuke or scold

Sublunary

Referring to this world, as opposed to a more spiritual, otherworldly realm

Infernal

Relating to or characteristic of hell

Which of the following generalizations best describes the changing viewpoint of authors during the Renaissance?

Writers broadened their focus beyond writing about religion.

Breach

A break in connections or relations

Transcendent

Beyond the human experience; not subject to the limitations of the material world

How are the descriptions of the speaker's beloved in "Sonnet 130" unlike typical descriptions in love poems? What does Shakespeare seem to think about those typical descriptions?

The speaker admits that his beloved is not a great beauty and does not try to elevate her to a kind of goddess. He is poking fun at other love poems and thinks they are dishonest. He believes that real love accepts a person for what she or he really is and does not pay extravagant, unrealistic compliments.

A primary source differs from a secondary source because it ___.

- is more reliable than a secondary source - is a firsthand account.

What does the speaker say is more important than physical love? Explain why he forbids his love from mourning their physical separation.

A love that is a meeting of minds and spirits is more important than mere physical love on earth. He forbids his wife from mourning because, as true soul mates, they can never be apart even when they are physically separated.

Noun Clauses

A noun clause is a subordinate clause that is used as a noun. - A noun clause is used in the same ways a single noun can be used.

Functions of a Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun functions in several ways in a sentence. It usually introduces an adjectival clause and refers to another noun or pronoun in the sentence. A relative pronoun also has a function within the adjectival clause itself. It can be used as a subject, direct object, or object of a preposition. A relative pronoun can also show possession.

Although many tornadoes occur throughout the United States, they are quite rare west of the Rockies.

A. adverbial

Relative Pronouns

An adjectival clause usually begins with a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun relates an adjectival clause to its antecedent. The relative adverbs where and when also introduce adjectival clauses.

Subordinating Conjunctions

An adverbial clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction.

Which of the following is a paradox from "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"?

As the legs of a compass, lovers are both together and separate.

We went back inside so that we could find our umbrellas.

B (Verb)

When a thunderstorm strikes on a hot day, hail may fall.

B (Verb)

The other two astronauts were able to control their movements, but at first Lichtenberg kept bouncing off the walls.

B = compound

Several champion ice-hockey teams have come from Canada, where ice-skating is a very popular sport.

B. adjectival

A clause is a group of words within a sentence that has a subject and a verb.

Clauses are either independent or subordinate. An independent clause makes sense alone. A subordinate clause does not make sense alone.

Laity

Common people

A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses.

Conjunctions and punctuation in compound-complex sentences are used in the same way as they are used in compound sentences and in complex sentences.

Sublimed

Converted to a gas; vaporized

We stayed beneath the trees as long as the rain continued.

Correct Punctuation

Subtle

Cunning or crafty

Piety

Dedication to one's beliefs, particularly religious beliefs; devotion to faith

Contention

Disagreement; argument

Myriad

Extremely large number

As soon as I heard about them.

F (Clause Fragment)

Trepidation

Feeling of fear

Which of the following is NOT one of the guidelines for choosing a subject?

Figure out what information you can gain about your subject.

Sullen

Gloomy

Because the afternoon was clear and sunny,...

I felt like flying a kite, but I had homework to do.

What main point does the speaker make about love in the lines from "Sonnet 116"? How is his attitude toward his beloved's appearance over time similar to the speaker's attitude toward his beloved in "Sonnet 130"?

In "Sonnet 116," the speaker explains that true love never changes, even if one of the people changes and even with the passing of time. This is similar to the speaker's attitude in "Sonnet 130" because here he tells how much he loves the woman even though she has no remarkable qualities, showing that the true love is everlasting.

A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses.

In a complex sentence, one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses are connected by a subordinating conjunction, a relative pronoun, or a relative adverb.

All day long the downhill skiing champion walked, as though she had injured her leg.

Incorrect Punctuation

When the thunderstorm began we ran for shelter.

Incorrect Punctuation

Augmented

Increased

A fable's moral may be explicitly stated, or it may simply be implied.

Independent Clause

Fables existed in ancient Greece, Egypt, and India; and there are many modern forms as well.

Independent Clause

How can Raleigh's "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" be considered an anti-pastoral?

It describes country living from a realistic perspective.

What was the significance of Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church?

It undermined the powers and authority of the Pope.

Engrafted

Joined together

Which of the following inferences would you be LEAST likely to make based on the information you learned about Ben Jonson?

Jonson never got over the loss of his son.

Deluge

Large quantity of something

Which of the following sentences has correct punctuation?

Laura has an Australian cattle dog; I have a miniature Schnauzer.

Doleful

Mournful, glum

Clod

Lump of earth or clay

Congealed

Made solid

Suppliant

Making a plea

Lament

Mourn; express one's grief

Which of the following examples is NOT a metaphor?

My state, like to the lark at break of day arising from sullen earth

A thick dictionary with diagrams and charts is what helped me the most.

N (Noun Clause)

Although the sun shone brightly, the weather forecasters maintained that the weekend would be rainy.

N (Noun Clause)

Impious

Not showing respect or reverence

Impediments

Obstacles

Divine

Of or from the gods

Semblance

Outward appearance

Confounded

Overthrown; defeated

Promontory

Piece of land that juts out above water

Wanton

Plentiful; luxuriant

Ignominy

Public disgrace

Another seasonal flower, the lily of the valley, has berries too these should not be eaten by anyone either.

R (Run-on Sentence)

Ken

Range of knowledge

Contrast Satan's remark, "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven" with the thoughts of "When I Consider How My Light Is Spent" (page 484). Which view do you think Milton held? Why?

Satan believes in power and taking things into his own hands; the last line of "When I Consider How My Light Is Spent" urges patience and accepting one's fate from God. Milton seems to have held the latter view, based on his biography as a devout Puritan, the fact that the sonnet is autobiographical, and that Satan is a fictional character associated with evil by many religions.

What do Satan's remarks about the mind show about his personality and worldview? From what you have read of Milton's epic, do you agree with some critics that Satan may be the hero of Paradise Lost? Why or why not?

Satan does not believe in absolute truth but instead thinks truth is subjective and can be manipulated by the mind.

Satiate

Satisfy

Thralls

Slaves; captive

Pledge

Solemn promise

Which of the following sentences displays a correct use of modifiers?

Some ducks, which were cute and fluffy, begged for food.

Affliction

Something that causes pain or suffering

Valediction

Statement of farewell

Intermit

Stop for a period of time

Obdurate

Stubborn

Dujardin defined his interior monologue as "an unspoken discourse without a hearer present..."

simple sentence

Which of the following is the BEST paraphrase of the lines below? - 'Twere profanation of our joys/To tell the laity our love.

Telling ordinary people about our love would only debase it.

James Joyce was a great master of stream of consciousness.

simple sentence

In "On My First Son," why does the speaker define the child's state as enviable?

The child will never experience the hardships of life.

Profanation

The disrespect or dishonoring of something sacred

Which set of lines from "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" best reflects the speaker's feelings about nature?

The flowers do fade, and wanton fields/to wayward winter reckoning yields

Baleful

Threatening or destructive

Entreat

To ask earnestly

Adamantine

Unbreakable

Tempests

Violent storms

An epigram is ______.

a short piece of writing to memorialize a significant event

Which of the following would be the best source to use if you were creating a biography of a Renaissance poet?

a website about Renaissance writers

Some critics distinguish interior monologue from stream of consciousness; they feel that there is a clear difference.

independent clause

Some stories may have originated in Asia, and others may have come from Africa.

independent clause

That fire which all things melts, should harden ice, / And ice which is congealed with senseless cold, / Should kindle fire by wonderful device? ("Sonnet 30")

make solid

Which figure of speech is used in the line below from "Sonnet 130"? - "If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head." (l. 4)

metaphor

In "Meditation 17," affliction affects someone by making him ____

more fit for God.

The flowers do fade, and wanton fields / To wayward winter reckoning yields. ("The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd")

plentiful

In order to use a source for your essay, you should first evaluate it to see if it is valid, reliable, and _____.

relevant

Which of the following best describes the tone of "Song: To Celia"?

reverential

Let us not slip th' occasion, whether scorn / Or satiate fury yield it from our Foe. (from Paradise Lost)

satisfy

Which of the following characterizes the literary production of the English Renaissance?

the use of the English language

What is the meaning of the word thence used in the following lines from Paradise Lost? - Fast by the oracle of God, I thence / Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song

therefore

What is the main purpose of allusion?

to increase meaning by referencing a previous person or event

Which of the following is an example of an adverbial clause fragment?

wherever there is a chance for a fabulous meal

Sometimes the subject and the verb, or just part of the verb phrase, may be omitted in an elliptical clause.

- I collected more donations to the wildlife fund this weekend than last weekend. (The completed elliptical clause reads "than I collected last weekend.") - When sighted, the zebra had already begun to run. (The completed elliptical clause reads "When it was sighted.")

Like a single adjective, an adjectival clause answers the question Which one(s)? or What kind?

- Which One(s)?: The firefighters who volunteered their time last night became heroes. - What Kind?: They saved a historic building that was constructed of valuable hardwoods.

Examples of Relative Pronouns

- Who - Whom - Whose - Which - That

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

- after - although - as - as far as - as if - as long as - as soon as - as though - because - before - even though - if - in order that - since - so that - than - though - unless - until - when - whenever - where - wherever - while

Common Introductory Words for Noun Clauses

- how - if - that - what - whatever - when - where - whether - which - who - whoever - whom - whomever - whose - why

2001: A Space Odyssey is a compelling movie everyone should watch.

A (Adjectival Clause)

The astronauts landed on the moon, where they collected many important specimens.

A (Adjectival Clause)

The planet that is farthest from the sun is Neptune.

A (Adjectival Clause)

Wrap that meat in foil before you put it in the freezer.

A. adverbial

The fables of La Fontaine owe much to Aesop, who was extremely versatile.

Adjectival Clause

Manifold

Greatly

Virtuous

Having high moral standards; morally good

What does the speaker in "Sonnet 29" gain from his love? How is his attitude in the final couplet similar to the attitude of the speaker toward his beloved in "Sonnet 130"?

He gains comfort and happiness in the face of unlucky events and social failure. In both, he shows that human love is more valuable and less shallow than social concerns like success and physical beauty.

In "On My First Son," why do you think the speaker feels that loving his son too much was a "sin"? What irony about human attitudes toward death do lines 5 -- 8 underscore?

He may feel guilty about his son's death and also feel that he was too proud of his son and forgot that children are gifts and not out own creations. It underscores the irony that people of faith usually mourn the dead even though they believe it means that the person who died has gone to a better place.

Ethereal

Heavenly; spiritual

Stature

Height

I slowly drove the tractor to the barn, but Steven attached the tractor's trailer.

I (Independent Clause)

Jeremy helped milk several cows, and Tamara spread grain for the chickens.

I (Independent Clause)

Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT a generalization?

In the Renaissance period, Edward VI, Henry VIII's only legitimate son, became king of England at the age of nine.

An independent (main) clause can usually stand alone as a sentence becuase it expresses a complete thought.

When an independent clause stands alone, it is called a sentence. When it appears in a sentence with another clause, it is called a clause.

Contrast "Song: To Celia" with Donne's "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning" (page 450). Focus on differences in imagery and sound. Which poem do you think best conveys the love that the speaker wants to express? Why?

While both poems express deep love, Donne's poem uses very unusual, even jarring images and sounds, while Jonson's poem is more musical and uses more traditional images of love poems.

Elliptical Clauses

Words in an adverbial clause are sometimes omitted to streamline a sentence and to prevent unnecessary repetition. Even though the words are omitted, they are still understood to be there. - An adverbial clause in which words are missing is called an elliptical clause.

If you read Faulkner's opus, you will have a deeper understanding of American culture.

adverbial clause

Did you know that heart disease kills people every day?

b. direct object

A honey tongue, a heart of gall / Is fancy's spring, but sorrow's fall. ("The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd")

bold behavior

Though I must go, endure not yet / A breach, but an expansion, / Like gold to airy thinness beat. ("A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning")

break

A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.

- A simple sentence can have a compound subject, a compound verb, or both.

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses.

A compound sentence should be composed of only closely related independent clauses, usually joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, for, or yet.

Once he tried to make a sandwich, but this task was much harder than he had expected.

D = compound-complex

Because I had never seen a mouse up close.

F (Clause Fragment)

That the oryx has long, pointed horns that point upward.

F (Clause Fragment)

We had an enjoyable weekend when we spent two days on Lloyd's farm.

I (Independent Clause)

A subordinate clause can function as an adverb, an adjective, or a noun.

Like phrases, subordinate clauses can function as adverbs, adjectives, or nouns. The difference between them is that a clause has a subject and a verb but a phrase does not.

Our science teacher, Mrs. Jeffries, told us that Mercury is the planet closest to the sun.

N (Noun Clause)

What most people associate with Saturn are the rings around the planet.

N (Noun Clause)

Punctuation With Adverbial Clauses

Place a comma after an adverbial clause that comes at the beginning of a sentence. - Since the country roads were icy, I drove at a slow and safe speed. When an adverbial clause interrupts an independent clause, set it off with commas. - The crowd, after they had enjoyed the exciting game, applauded the winners. When an adverbial clause follows an independent clause, no comma is needed. - We hurried out of the arena before the parking lot became congested.

Like most people, I cannot touch poison ivy, it gives me a rash.

R (Run-on Sentence)

Many people love rhubarb pie, they do not know that rhubarb leaves should not be eaten.

R (Run-on Sentence)

The belladonna has a beautiful name and poisonous berries, it is also called deadly nightshade.

R (Run-on Sentence)

English ivy foliage is not poisonous, but the berries are.

S (Correct Sentence)

Holly, commonly used for holiday decoration, has poisonous leaves and berries.

S (Correct Sentence)

I liked the chamois, whose soft skin is sometimes used as a "chamois cloth."

S (Sentence)

Ruminants are animals that chew their cud.

S (Sentence)

After we loaded the trailer with bales of hay, we hauled the load into the pasture.

S (Subordinate Clause)

Before the sun came up, we had eaten a huge breakfast.

S (Subordinate Clause)

I wasn't afraid of the cows until one of them lumbered toward me.

S (Subordinate Clause)

In "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd," how does the nymph feel about the shepherd in Raleigh's poem?

She is unsure of his sincerity.

Why is the view of country living presented in Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" idyllic?

The shepherd describes his life as devoid of manual, intensive labor.

What characteristic of Shakespearean sonnets is found in Sonnets 29, 116, and 130?

a conclusion in the final two lines

How people can learn about heart health interests me.

a. subject

Fairies are seen as dainty creatures,...

and they are considered magical.

Run-on Sentences

- A run-on sentence is two or more sentences that are written as one sentence. A run-on sentence is sometimes seen written as one long sentence with no punctuation. At other times run-ons incorporate punctuation incorrectly. - Run-on sentences result either from writing too fast or from the mistaken idea that very long sentences sound more scholarly. A run-on sentence is often written in one of two ways: with a comma (also known as a comma splice) or with no punctuation.

Adjectival Clause

- An adjectival clause is a subordinate clause that is used as an adjective to modify a noun or a pronoun. - An adjectival clause is used just like a single adjective or an adjectival phrase.

Ways to Correct Run-on Sentences

A run-on sentence can be corrected in several ways. (1) It can be written as two separate sentences. (2) It can be written as a compound sentence with a comma and a conjunction or with a semicolon. (3) It can be written as a complex sentence by changing one part of the run-on sentence into a subordinate clause.

Kinds of Sentence Structure

A sentence can be simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex, depending on the number and the kind of clauses in it.

A subordinate (dependent) clause cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought.

A subordinate clause has a subject and a verb; nevertheless, it does not express a complete thought. It can never stand alone as a sentence. A subordinate clause is dependent upon an independent clause to complete its meaning.

If you look at most cultures, you will find evidence of fables passed down through oral tradition.

Adverbial Clause

An adverbial clause is a subordinate clause that is used as an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.

An adverbial clause is used just like a single adverb or an adverbial phrase. - In addition to the questions How? When? Where? How much? and To what extent?, adverbial clauses also answer the questions Under what condition? and Why? Although most adverbial clauses modify verbs, some modify adjectives and adverbs.

Gall

Bold behavior

In what way is the message in "Holy Sonnet 10" (see page 458) similar to the speaker's message to his wife in "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"?

Both poems express deep faith: Just as physical separation is not true separation for the speaker and his wife because their spirits are joined regardless of the miles between them, so too is physical death not true death because the immortal spirit continues in eternal life. Death means only an end to life on earth, after which we wake up in eternal life in heaven.

The old man felt rejuvenated after he took a walk in the woods.

C (Adjective)

Clause Fragments

Even though a subordinate clause has both a subject and a verb, it does not express a complete thought. A subordinate clause punctuated as a sentence is a clause fragment. - To correct a clause fragment, add or change words to express a complete thought or attach the clause to a related sentence.

How does the speaker in Marlowe's "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love" compare to the speaker in Raleigh's "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"?

Marlowe's speaker is more impulsive.

Punctuation With Adjectival Clauses

No punctuation is used with an adjectival clause that contains information essential to identify a person, place, or thing in the sentence. A comma or commas, however, should set off an adjectival clause that is nonessential. - A clause is nonessential if it can be removed from the sentence without changing the basic meaning of the sentence. - An adjectival clause is usually nonessential if it modifies a proper noun. The relative pronoun that usually begins an essential (restrictive) clause, and which often begins a nonessential (nonrestrictive) clause.

Many plants have poisonous leaves or fruits, these cause skin irritation or sickness.

R (Run-on Sentence)

Which of the sentences below displays the correct punctuation?

The patient looked at the doctor as though he had never seen her before.

Misplaced Modifiers

To avoid confusion, place an adjectival clause as near as possible to the word it describes. - A clause placed too far away from the word it modifies can cause confusion and is called a misplaced modifier.

William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury is a novel that uses the technique of stream of consciousness.

adjectival clause

Although both include a character's thoughts and feelings, interior monologue indicates nothing in the way of a narrator.

adverbial clause

Because the first section of the book is seen through the eyes of a mentally handicapped man, it can be hard to follow.

adverbial clause

If you read Virginia Woolf's work, you will see many examples of stream-of-consciousness writing.

adverbial clause

The underlined words are an example of a(n) _______. - When the earth, moon, and sun are in line, an eclipse occurs.

adverbial clause

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be the subject of an expository essay?

an appeal to vote for a student representative

Which element of the epic genre is NOT present in Paradise Lost?

an incorruptible hero

Aesop, who lived from 620 to 560 BC, was a writer of fables.

complex sentence

Edouard Dujardin experimented with the technique in 1887 when he published The Laurels Are Cut Down.

complex sentence

Joyce, however, owed much to a French novelist who had used the technique much earlier.

complex sentence

Oh, could I lose all father now! for why / Will man lament the state he should envy - To have so soon 'scaped world's and flesh's rage, / And if no other misery, yet age? ("On My First Son")

mourn

What view of human achievement is shared by "How Soon Hath Time" (page 482) and "When I Consider How My Light Is Spent" (page 484)? Based on that view, how do you think Milton would have felt about the carpe diem theme in "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time" (page 470) and "To His Coy Mistress" (page 472)?

Both stress that human achievement is a gift of God and that one must be patient in one's efforts and accept what God gives when He gives it. Milton probably would have rejected the carpe diem theme as self-indulgent and too concerned with this world instead of the next.

Whoever drew the picture of the kudu's long spiral horns.

F (Clause Fragment)

What "drink" does the speaker in "Song: To Celia" value more than wine and even the nectar of the gods?

The speaker values the "drink" of Celia's love more than all those other things.

Nutritionists tell whoever will listen facts about the heart.

c. indirect object

Although he was born in Scotland, he became a hero of the American Revolution.

complex

John Paul Jones moved to America to avoid a trial that involved his handling of a mutiny.

complex

Which kind of sentence structure is represented by the sentence below? - Since the Wright brothers made their first flight in 1903, flying developed relatively early.

complex

Some scholars doubt that he ever lived.

complex sentence

His ship was badly managed, but Jones refused to give up.

compound

His fables exist, however, and fortunately they have been passed down to us.

compound sentence

His novel is rarely read today, but it influenced many writers.

compound sentence

We can infer from Aristotle's descriptions that Aesop was a freed slave, but little else is known about him.

compound-complex sentence

People are often surprised by what they learn from these experts.

d. object of a preposition

In Paradise Lost, what does the speaker say that the forbidden tree brought into the world?

death and woe

Clear and reliable information about heart disease is what people want from the media.

e. predicate nominative

An airplane has wings like a bird,...

even though they do not flap like a bird's wings.

After the war, American shipping became vulnerable to attacks by pirates.

simple