Chapter 12
how many carbons are in a monosaccharide?
3-7 carbons
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.
what breaks down lactose to form glucose and galactose?
lactase
which is known as a "milk sugar? sucrose cellobiose trehalose lactose maltose
lactose
A disaccharide produced on hydrolysis of starch is called lactose maltose fructose trehalose sucrose
maltose
List 3 common disaccharides
maltose lactose sucrose
Xylose is a carbohydrate that cannot be further degraded into smaller sugar molecules. Xylose is an example of a _____. disaccharide tetrasaccharide oligosaccharide trisaccharide monosaccharide
monosaccharide
D-Glucose and L-glucose are ______ of each other. stereoisomers anomers optical isomers keto-aldose isomers enantiomers
optical isomers
In which of the following forms of glucose is stored in plants? dextrins starch sedoheptulose glycogen ribulose
starch
Glyceraldehyde is known to exist in two distinct forms, each having the same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in three-dimensional space. These structures are said to be ______ of each other.
stereoisomers
Define anomers
stereoisomers that differ in structure around what was the carbonyl carbon atomic the straight chain form of a monosaccharide
Which of the following carbohydrates will remain blue after its solution is treated with Benedict's reagent? glucose fructose lactose sucrose maltose
sucrose
maltose is compose of these 2 sugars
this is compose of 2 glucose sugars
sucrose is compose of 2 sugars
this is made of glucose and fructose
Which of the following sugars are produced by the hydrolysis of maltose? one molecule each of D-galactose and L-glucose two molecules of D-glucose one molecule each of D-glucose and D-fructose two molecules of L-fructose one molecule each of L-galactose and D-fructose
two molecules of D-glucose
The glycosidic bond in sucrose is ______.
α-1,2-
The glycosidic linkage between glucose molecules in maltose is _______ . β-1,4- α-1,2- α-1,4- β-1,2- α-1,6-
α-1,4-
these 2 sugars are an anomeric pair
α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose
Define galactosemia
Genetic inability to convert galactose to glucose
Define polysaccharide
a carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.
Define carbohydrates
a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone or a compound that can be broken down to form such a compound
Define chiral
a molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image
define ketose
a monosaccharide containing a ketone group
define aldose
a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group
define lactose tolerance
ability to digest lactose into adulthood
Define anomeric carbon
anomeric carbon atom is the carbon of the carbonyl group present in the chain structure
α-D-Glucose and β-D-glucose are ___________ . optical isomers keto-aldose isomers enantiomers stereoisomers anomers
anomers
Define disaccharide
carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides linked together.
this a polysaccharide formed by β- 1,4-glycosidic linkages between glucose residues.
cellulose
A carbon atom that has four different groups attached to it is a ______
chiral carbon
Define enantiomers
compounds that are mirror images but not superimposable
what form are monosaccharides at room temperature? what determines their chemical behavior?
crystalline solid their functional group
D-Glucose is known as ________ because it rotates plane-polarized light in a clockwise direction.
dextrose
glucose is also known by these 3 names
dextrose corn sugar blood sugar
Choose a ketotriose. dihydroxyacetone erythrose ribose glyceraldehyde arabinose
dihydroxyacetone
Molecules that are nonsuperimposable (nonidentical) mirror images of each other are stereoisomers of a specific type called ______ diastereomers epimers tautomers Enantiomers distomers
enantiomers
This is the most abundant ketohexose, is present in fruit, and has a rotation that is strongly levorotatory
fructose
Which of the following is a carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms and a keto group as the functional group? fructose glyceraldehyde galactose glucose dihydroxyacetone
fructose
Which of the following monosaccharides is not an aldose? glyceraldehyde fructose erythrose ribose glucose
fructose
what sugar does not occur in nature in the uncombined state?
galactose
which is a simple sugar or monosaccharide? sucrose starch lactose galactose maltose
galactose
Which of the following sugars is an example of an aldohexose? fructose sucrose xylose glucose
glucose
what is the most abundant sugar found in nature?
glucose
Lactose is a disaccharide composed of ???
glucose and galactose
In which form is glucose stored in animals? cellulose glycogen glucose starch dextrins
glycogen
The carbon-oxygen-carbon linkages between monosaccharide units in disaccharides or polysaccharide are called _______
glycosidic linkages