Chapter 12

how many carbons are in a monosaccharide?

3-7 carbons

Stereoisomers

Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

what breaks down lactose to form glucose and galactose?

lactase

which is known as a "milk sugar? sucrose cellobiose trehalose lactose maltose

lactose

A disaccharide produced on hydrolysis of starch is called lactose maltose fructose trehalose sucrose

maltose

List 3 common disaccharides

maltose lactose sucrose

Xylose is a carbohydrate that cannot be further degraded into smaller sugar molecules. Xylose is an example of a _____. disaccharide tetrasaccharide oligosaccharide trisaccharide monosaccharide

monosaccharide

D-Glucose and L-glucose are ______ of each other. stereoisomers anomers optical isomers keto-aldose isomers enantiomers

optical isomers

In which of the following forms of glucose is stored in plants? dextrins starch sedoheptulose glycogen ribulose

starch

Glyceraldehyde is known to exist in two distinct forms, each having the same structural formula but different arrangements of atoms in three-dimensional space. These structures are said to be ______ of each other.

stereoisomers

Define anomers

stereoisomers that differ in structure around what was the carbonyl carbon atomic the straight chain form of a monosaccharide

Which of the following carbohydrates will remain blue after its solution is treated with Benedict's reagent? glucose fructose lactose sucrose maltose

sucrose

maltose is compose of these 2 sugars

this is compose of 2 glucose sugars

sucrose is compose of 2 sugars

this is made of glucose and fructose

Which of the following sugars are produced by the hydrolysis of maltose? one molecule each of D-galactose and L-glucose two molecules of D-glucose one molecule each of D-glucose and D-fructose two molecules of L-fructose one molecule each of L-galactose and D-fructose

two molecules of D-glucose

The glycosidic bond in sucrose is ______.

α-1,2-

The glycosidic linkage between glucose molecules in maltose is _______ . β-1,4- α-1,2- α-1,4- β-1,2- α-1,6-

α-1,4-

these 2 sugars are an anomeric pair

α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose

Define galactosemia

Genetic inability to convert galactose to glucose

Define polysaccharide

a carbohydrate (e.g., starch, cellulose, or glycogen) whose molecules consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together.

Define carbohydrates

a compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone or a compound that can be broken down to form such a compound

Define chiral

a molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image

define ketose

a monosaccharide containing a ketone group

define aldose

a monosaccharide containing an aldehyde group

define lactose tolerance

ability to digest lactose into adulthood

Define anomeric carbon

anomeric carbon atom is the carbon of the carbonyl group present in the chain structure

α-D-Glucose and β-D-glucose are ___________ . optical isomers keto-aldose isomers enantiomers stereoisomers anomers

anomers

Define disaccharide

carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides linked together.

this a polysaccharide formed by β- 1,4-glycosidic linkages between glucose residues.

cellulose

A carbon atom that has four different groups attached to it is a ______

chiral carbon

Define enantiomers

compounds that are mirror images but not superimposable

what form are monosaccharides at room temperature? what determines their chemical behavior?

crystalline solid their functional group

D-Glucose is known as ________ because it rotates plane-polarized light in a clockwise direction.

dextrose

glucose is also known by these 3 names

dextrose corn sugar blood sugar

Choose a ketotriose. dihydroxyacetone erythrose ribose glyceraldehyde arabinose

dihydroxyacetone

Molecules that are nonsuperimposable (nonidentical) mirror images of each other are stereoisomers of a specific type called ______ diastereomers epimers tautomers Enantiomers distomers

enantiomers

This is the most abundant ketohexose, is present in fruit, and has a rotation that is strongly levorotatory

fructose

Which of the following is a carbohydrate with 6 carbon atoms and a keto group as the functional group? fructose glyceraldehyde galactose glucose dihydroxyacetone

fructose

Which of the following monosaccharides is not an aldose? glyceraldehyde fructose erythrose ribose glucose

fructose

what sugar does not occur in nature in the uncombined state?

galactose

which is a simple sugar or monosaccharide? sucrose starch lactose galactose maltose

galactose

Which of the following sugars is an example of an aldohexose? fructose sucrose xylose glucose

glucose

what is the most abundant sugar found in nature?

glucose

Lactose is a disaccharide composed of ???

glucose and galactose

In which form is glucose stored in animals? cellulose glycogen glucose starch dextrins

glycogen

The carbon-oxygen-carbon linkages between monosaccharide units in disaccharides or polysaccharide are called _______

glycosidic linkages