Chapter 12

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?

90 percent

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans used in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean?

Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

As wives or concubines in the Forbidden City

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and the Inca empires?

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish

What was a similarity between the Ming and Mughal dynasties?

Both were able to limit European traders to port cities

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?

Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advanteages in global trade?

European products that advantages in Afro-Eurasia couud be sold in the Americas

Following the Council of Trent, the Cistercians sent missionaries to the Americas, India, Japan, and China

False

The movement of the Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing weakened the Chinese economy. (True or False)

False

The number of Africans sold into captivity in the Atlantic slave trade far exceeded that in the Muslim slave trade

False

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

Gold's value rose dramatically and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people?

He believed they were childlike primitives

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into Englans

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

Kinship and clan networks

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther;s challenge to the Catholic Church?

Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century?

Mesoamerica and the Andes

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system?

Military power and technology

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials established caravan serais for travelers' refreshment and protection

Which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty?

Silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets

Which of the following was their determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs?

Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztex warriors and elites

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare?

The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways?

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century?

The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth century Macao?

The Portuguese uses Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Phillipinnes and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?

The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas?

They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture an art

Why were the Portuegese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes in Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

The experience of conquering the Aztec Empire taught teh Spanish that effective conquest has to be accomplished quickly, completely destroying indigenous symbols of legitimate authority

True

From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies?

West Africa

The Protestant Reformation encouraged growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to:

identify their religion with their local and state language