Chapter 12 Comparative Cultures

Simple bands

. had names that came from features in their territory.

How does a chiefdom differ from a tribe?

A chiefdom is a ranked society with a hereditary chief.

Which of these are characteristic of the chiefdom of Tahiti?

A set of inherited ranks of chiefs

Which of these statements about the Comanche of the Great Plains of the United States is FALSE?

Candidates for the position of "peace chief" were selected on the basis of descent.

How are composite bands different from simple bands?

Composite bands are made up of unrelated extended families.

How is a court legal system different from a self-help legal system?

Court systems only exist in chiefdoms and state societies

Which of these is NOT characteristic of most bands?

Formal leadership

Each of the following is a form of social control EXCEPT

Not-court of regulation or gossip and ostracism.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of most tribes?

Positions of authority within a tribe are hereditary.

Which of these is NOT generally characteristic of a state society?

Sodality

Which of the following statements is true?

States are characterized by having a bureaucracy.

Among the Comanche, the system for resolving a case of wife-stealing may require the plaintiff to ask for assistance from a number of different people, including a war chief if necessary. This system is an example of which type of legal system?

The familial form of self-help systems

Which of these statements about courts of regulation is NOT true?

The goal of courts of regulation is to reconcile the parties to a dispute.

Within all state political systems

a bureaucracy carries out the day to day functioning of the government.

The Nuer, a pastoral tribe in Sudan, rely on ____ to serve as a mediator in feuds between local groups, often in cases of violence leading to death.

a man with ritual power to curse or bless but no secular authority

In most or virtually all societies, law includes

a publicly recognized authority to settle a case.

A serious drawback to a court of mediation is that

all of the parties involved must share the same norms and values.

The oldest and least complex form of political organization is the

band

In a chiefdom, governing is done by

decree

A political system must have positions of authority.

false

Among the Cheyene, all forms of killing were considered murder and crimes against society.

false

Both chiefdoms and states have a centralized political structure and an internal bureaucracy.

false

If a society does not have a formalized legal system, it cannot have laws that govern behavior.

false

In state societies and courts of regulation, laws are the outgrowth of shared values and norms.

false

Most chiefdoms were associated with foraging and pastoralist societies.

false

National governments have the power to regulate all of the activities of multinational corporations that do business in their countries.

false

Simple band societies do not need any mechanisms for maintaining social control.

false

Within the tribal-level society of the Cheyenne, the Council of Forty-Four and groups of warriors would sometimes act as de facto judges and courts. This in an example of a(an)

incipient court system.

In general, the ____ the population, the ____ the political organization.

larger; more complex

The primary objective of a multinational corporation is to

make profits for the owners, who are stockholders or investors.

As societies become increasingly complex, the primary focus of courts moves from

mediating disputes to regulating behavior.

Who were big men?

not- Tribal leaders

How do tribes differ from bands?

not- Tribes tend to have a great deal of inequality among members.

The Incan Empire was governed by a political state. Each of the following is true of the Incan state government EXCEPT it

not- did not have a writing system for communication or a monetary system for exchange

Which of these is NOT generally characteristic of a state society?

not-Day-to-day governing carried out by a bureaucracy

Which of these is characteristic of courts of mediation?

not-he use of community leaders as mediators

Political systems

organize and direct the collective actions of the population.

The Cheyenne were a ____ of the Great Plains in the United States who came together once every summer to perform ceremonies and hunt bison.

tribe

Courts of mediation are only effective in culturally homogeneous contexts.

true

In Tahitian society, whatever was touched by sacred chiefs became tabu and could not be used by others for fear of supernatural punishment.

true

Law has existed in virtually all societies.

true

Supernatural sanctions can be a form of social control.

true

The administrative system of the Inca was incorporated into the colonial government of Peru.

true

The boundaries of a polity, a politically organized group, do not necessarily coincide with a particular culture.

true

Within a tribe, few (if any) positions are inherited, and the group is largely egalitarian.

true