Chapter 12: Forgetting

Clark's nutcrackers apparently recall the location of something like _________ food caches. a. 100 b. 1,000 c. 2,000 d. 20,000

2,000

Kamil and Balda found that Clark's nutcrackers could recall the location of food caches for up to ____________. a. 6 hours b. 6 days c. 6 weeks d. 6 months

6 months

Forgetting can be studied by requiring the subject to match a stimulus presented earlier, a procedure called ____________. a. DMTS b. MTSD c. MTS d. the extinction method

DMTS

The length of the retention interval is unrelated to the degree of forgetting.

False

The measure of forgetting called gradient degradation has to do with extinction.

False

The names of the Great Lakes can be recalled with help of the acronym, _______. a. HURON b. HOMES c. HOUSE d. MOUSE

HOMES

The "man who couldn't forget" was studied by__________. a. Freud b. Luria c. Ebbinghaus d. Underwood

Luria

The first person to argue that the passage of time does not cause forgetting was probably __________. a. Ebbinghaus b. McGeoch c. Steinmetz d. Underwood

McGeoch

When the task is to identify stimuli to which the subject was exposed earlier, the measure of forgetting used is called_______.

Recognition

The period between the end of a learning experience and its recall is called the _______ interval.

Retention

Bob is introduced to Matilda at a party. A few minutes later he is introduced to Harriet. When he meets Matilda again, he can't recall her name. This is most likely an example of _______ interference.

Retroactive

A system for learning with flash cards is known by the acronym____________. a. FLASH b. SPDLN c. SAFMEDS d. IDANO

SAFMEDS

Declarative memories include _______ and _______ memories

Semantic, episodic

When performance varies with an organism's physiological condition, it is said to be _______ .

State-dependent

Sir Frederick Barlett's classic study of forgetting used the story, _________. a. The Tortoise and the Hare b. The War of the Ghosts c. The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit d. Lassie Come Home

The War of the Ghosts

Declarative knowledge is also called explicit knowledge.

True

Forgetting is a deterioration in learned performance following a period without practice

True

In one of Rovee-Collier`s experiments with babies and mobiles, after a retention interval there was no sign of forgetting when the context was the same as that during training

True

Marjory memorized her part in the school play thoroughly in her apartment, but found that she couldn't remember her lines at rehearsal. Her trouble is consistent with the effects of context cues

True

The "savings method" is one way of measuring forgetting

True

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of learning

True

The name Benton Underwood is associated with paired associate learning.

True

Another term for episodic memory is ____ memory. a. autobiographical b. ancestral c. sequential d. frame

autobiographical

The Chase and Simon study comparing chess masters and ordinary players showed that when chess pieces were arranged in random order, ____________ . a. chess masters forgot less b. ordinary players forgot less c. chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount d. chess masters learned more and forgot more

chess masters and ordinary players forgot about the same amount

When forgetting occurs because the environment during recall is different from the environment during training, it is said to be ____________. a. cue-dependent b. environment triggered c. stimulus triggered d. venue triggered

cue-dependent

The term _______ memory refers to learned behavior that can be expressed, usually in words. a. declarative b. verbal c. implicit d. linguistic

declarative

Forgetting can be measured as a flattening of the generalization gradient, a procedure called gradient____________. a. leveling b. degradation c. reduction d. deterioration

degradation

The work of Levine and Murphy suggests that people are more likely to forget what they read if they ____________. a. agree with it b. disagree with it c. are ambivalent about it d. wrote it

disagree with it

Harry Bahrick's studies of forgetting have involved retention inervals of up to _______. a. five weeks b.five months c. five years d. five decades

five decades

Jack and Jill go up a hill to fetch a pail of water. Jack falls down and breaks his crown and Jill thinks he may have suffered a concussion. To test his memory, she asks him if he remembers what happened. Jill is measuring forgetting by the method known as ____________. a. relearning b. extinction c. free recall d. prompted recall

free recall

Loftus found that eyewitness reports are influenced by the words used to ask about the event. In one experiment, she found that use of the word "smashed" produced higher estimates of car speed than use of the word____________. a. struck b. banged c. crashed d. hit

hit

The Jenkins and Dallenback study of forgetting after sleep suggests that forgetting is a function of ____________. a. learning b. fatigue c. time d. failure to use mnemonics

learning

Memories that cannot be expressed are called _____. a. ineffable b. nondeclarative c. explicit d. motoric

nondeclarative

In _________ learning, two stimuli, A and B, are presented, and the task is then to recall B when presented with A. a. AB b. ABA c. paired associate d. conjoined stimulus

paired associate

Forgetting is the deterioration of ____________ . a. performance b. memory c. mental processes d. neurological tissue

performance

Meaningful material is forgotten less readily than nonsense material. This shows the importance of ____________. a. insight b. previous learning c. subsequent learning d. understanding

previous learning

When what we learned on Monday interferes with our ability to recall what we learned the following Tuesday, we speak of ____________. a. proactive interference b. retroactive interference c. overlearning d. the training effect

proactive interference

Riding a bicycle is an example of _____ memory. a. rotary b. procedural c. physical d. muscular

procedural

It turns out that Jack (see item 7) can't remember anything that happened from the time he and Jill started up the hill. Jill takes Jack up the hill again and finds that he remembers seeing the well before. Jill is measuring forgetting by using ____________. a. relearning b. extinction c. free recall d. prompted recall

prompted recall

One measure of forgetting is called delayed matching to sample. This procedures could be considered a form of____________. a. relearning b. extinction c. free recall d. prompted recall

prompted recall

When measuring forgetting using the extinction method, the behavior studied is ___________. a. put on extinction before the retention interval b. put on extinction after the retention interval c. alternately extinguished and retrained d. completely extinguished before training begins

put on extinction after the retention interval

To measure forgetting, Ebbinghaus used the ____________ method. a. relearning b. extinction c. free recall d. prompted recall

relearning

A study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ________________ in forgetting. a. sleep b. state dependent learning c. proactive interference d. retroactive interference

retroactive interference

Endel Tulving said that _____ memories have to do with "knowledge of the world." a. semantic b. episodic c. linguistic d. academic

semantic

According to the _____________ metaphor, experiences are stashed in the brain like photographs in an album. a. storage b. cache c. stockpile d. collector

storage

Studies of interference often involve learning pairs of words. This procedure is called paired _______ learning

Associate

The first person to demonstrate the relationship between forgetting and degree of learning was probably____________ . a. Krueger b. Ebbinghaus c. Underwood d. Dunlap

Ebbinghaus