Chapter 12
Which of the following is most likely to present an ethical dilemma related to genome editing?
Designer babies with engineered human genomes
Identify the benefits that may come from the field of proteomics.
Development of new drugs ; treatment of diseases
Label the figure of the CRISPR genome editing process.
Genomic DNA Matching genome sequence Inactivation of a gene Insertion of new nucleotides
Label the image below showing how insulin is made through recombinant DNA technology.
Human cell - a eukaryotic cell Insulin gene - piece of DNA encoding a human protein Plasmid DNA - circular genetic material in a bacterial cell Bacterial host cell - a prokaryotic cell Cut with restriction enzyme - enzyme that will cut plasmid DNA Add DNA ligase - Enzyme that will glue together a gene plasmid DNA Recombinant DNA - Genetic material that is made from human and plasmid DNA Cell multiplies; produces insulin - Bacterial cell synthesizes a protein as it divides Cloned genes for insertion into another host cell - pieces of genetic material obtained from recombinant DNA Insulin - a protein used by diabetics
Transgenic bacteria are used to produce which of the following products?
Insulin, growth hormone, hepatitis B vaccine
After heating and cooling the mixture, which of the following synthesizes the complimentary strands of DNA?
Taq polymerase
Genome editing is a relatively new biotechnology used to
Target specific DNA sequences for removal or replacement
Which of the following cell types are differentiated?
liver cell specialized cell
A technique that uses the enzyme DNA polymerase to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA is called the
polymerase chain reaction
The desired end of therapeutic cloning is to
produce mature cells for study and disease treatment.
All of the proteins that result from the translation of human genes into proteins are collectively called the human __.
proteome
The field of __ examines how proteins contribute to the production of traits.
proteomics
DNA that contains genes from more than one source is called __ DNA.
recombinant
Which type of cloning seeks to produce an individual that is genetically identical to the parent organism?
reproductive
Therapeutic cloning produces __ while reproductive cloning produces __.
specialized tissue cells, a genetically identical individual
The approximately 19,000 genes in the humans genome are translated into over __ different proteins.
200,000
Which plants have been genetically engineered to be resistant to herbicides?
Corn ; soybeans
Which process compares DNA fragments to identify relatedness between organisms?
DNA fingerprinting
The single-stranded ends of DNA molecules can be joined together by __.
DNA ligase
Vectors are used to insert __ into a new cell.
DNA or genes
Taq polymerase starts copying at
DNA primers attached to the end of the desired segment
Embryonic cells vs Adult stem cells
Embryonic cells- totipotent, have the potential to become any type of cell, undifferentiated, can produce entire tissues and organs Adult stem cells- multipotent, partially differentiated, not able to produce every type of cell
Restriction enzymes cut only at specific sites and therefore are not useful for genetic engineering.
False
The polymerase chain reaction is a method for making copies of small amounts of several segments of DNA.
False
True or false: The human genome project revealed that small regions of DNA do not vary among individuals.
False
A process that uses sections of DNA in order to identify individuals is known as DNA __.
Fingerprinting
Which of the following could not be the recognition site of a restriction endoculease?
GCTTGC ; CGAACG
Genetically modified organisms are produced typically by using __ __ technology.
Recombinant ; DNA
This figure depicts __ cloning.
Reproductive
Genetic __ is the direct alteration of genomes to improve organisms.
engineering
Transgenic organisms have had a foreign __ inserted into their genome.
gene
The alteration of genomes for medical purposes is categorized under the field of _________ engineering.
genetic
The term GMO stands for
genetically modified organism
A scientist seeking to study the complete genetic makeup of an organism is studying in the field of _____.
genomics
The study of genes and intergenic DNA sequences, human and otherwise is called __.
genomics
Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, meaning that they
have the potential to become any other type of cell in an organism
Better control of weeds and reduced soil erosion can result from planting crops that are genetically engineered to resist which of these?
herbicides
The most likely source of the Taq polymerase used in PCR is a bacterium that lives in
hot springs
Which organism is being designed in order to provide hearts and organs for human transplants?
pigs
Which of the following terms refers to the use of computer technologies to study the genome?
bioinformatics
While most cells in the body differentiate to become specific types of tissue cells, __ cells retain their ability to become any other type of cell.
stem
Organisms that have a foreign gene inserted into them are called __ organisms.
transgenic
The Human Genome Project was a 13-year project that has managed to determine the sequence of the __ base pairs of the human genome.
3.2 billion
The gene for which hormone has been inserted into a variety of animal eggs?
Bovine growth hormone
The targeting of specific sequences in DNA for removal or replacement is called __.
Genome editing
Complete the following statements to describe the pro iPods of genome editing. Not all choices will be used
Genome editing is a process by which specific sequences of DNA are targeted for removal or replacement. "CRISPR" is the most widely used method for genome editing. These clustered, regularly interspersed, short palindromic repeats were first discovered acting as immune defense in prokaryotes. The CRISPR system relies on an endonuclease called Cas9, which inactivates invading viruses by breaking the DNA strands. Cas9 relies on a guide RNA molecule to locate a specific nucleotides to be cut in the viral genome. The bacteria is protected against the destructive nature of Cas9 by a PAM sequence found in the viral genome that is not found in bacteria
Which of the following is true about recombinant DNA?
It contains DNA from at least 2 different sources.
Match the type of cloning with its purpose.
Reproductive > produces a genetically identical individual Therapeutic > produces specialized tissue cells
The purpose of __ is to produce an individual genetically identical to the parent organism.
Reproductive cloning
The procedure used to determine the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA is called DNA __.
Sequencing
What is the typical size of the targeted DNA sequence that is copied with PCR?
Several hundred nucleotides
Select the true statements about the base sequencing variations among individuals.
Some individuals have genes that vary by one base. Some individuals have additional copies of some genes.
Identify the human diseases that therapeutic cloning has the potential to treat.
Spinal cord injuries; diabetes; Parkinson disease
Which of the following was accomplished by the Human Genome Project?
The order of the base pair sequences of the human chromosomes was determined.
Complete the following statements to explain the importance of polymerase chain reactions and DNA fingerprinting. Not all choices will be used
The polymerase chain reactions can create billions of copies of a segment of DNA in a matter of hours. The temperature-insensitive DNA polymerase extracted from a bacterium found in hot springs can withstand the high temperatures needed to denature the double-stranded DNA and replication can continue uninterrupted. PCR makes it possible to sequence the tiniest amount of DNA from crime scenes. DNA fingerprinting is based on the idea that there are no coding regions of DNA consisting of two to five based that repeat a different number of times depending on the specific individual. These regions of DNA are amplified through PCR and separated by size through the process of gel electrophoresis. The shorter the resulting pieces of DNA, the guru they they travel on the gel, resulting in a banding pattern specific to that individual.
Therapeutic cloning vs Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning - helps treat diabetes and Parkinson's disease, end goal includes nervous, blood and muscles cells, end goal is to learn how cells specialize Reproductive cloning- can create genetically identical pest-resistant crops, surrogate parents may be required, end goals are genetically identical plants and animals, somatic cells must be used
What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?
To determine the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA
Cells that can become any other cell type in a organism are considered __.
Totipotent
The joining of sticky ends involves the formation of phosphodiester bonds.
True
True or false: The ability of some bacteria to degrade oil can be enhanced by genetic engineering.
True
Human DNA cut with restriction enzyme A can be joined to __.
bacterial DNA cut with restriction enzyme A.
The field of study that relies heavily on computer technologies to analyze genomic and proteomic data is referred to as
bioinformatics
The purpose of PCR is to
create many copes of a segment of targeted DNA sequence in a test tube in a matter of hours.
Adult stem cells are best described as __ because they have already begun to specialize and cannot be used to produce every type of cell in the organism.
multipotent
Adult stem cells that have already started to specialize, and therefore are not able to produce every type of cell in an organism, are said to be __ cells.
multipotent
A plasmid is often used in biotechnology applications as a(n) ____ to transfer foreign genetic material.
vector
The use of animal organs for human transplants is called
xenotransplantation