Chapter 12

Which of the following is most likely to present an ethical dilemma related to genome editing?

Designer babies with engineered human genomes

Identify the benefits that may come from the field of proteomics.

Development of new drugs ; treatment of diseases

Label the figure of the CRISPR genome editing process.

Genomic DNA Matching genome sequence Inactivation of a gene Insertion of new nucleotides

Label the image below showing how insulin is made through recombinant DNA technology.

Human cell - a eukaryotic cell Insulin gene - piece of DNA encoding a human protein Plasmid DNA - circular genetic material in a bacterial cell Bacterial host cell - a prokaryotic cell Cut with restriction enzyme - enzyme that will cut plasmid DNA Add DNA ligase - Enzyme that will glue together a gene plasmid DNA Recombinant DNA - Genetic material that is made from human and plasmid DNA Cell multiplies; produces insulin - Bacterial cell synthesizes a protein as it divides Cloned genes for insertion into another host cell - pieces of genetic material obtained from recombinant DNA Insulin - a protein used by diabetics

Transgenic bacteria are used to produce which of the following products?

Insulin, growth hormone, hepatitis B vaccine

After heating and cooling the mixture, which of the following synthesizes the complimentary strands of DNA?

Taq polymerase

Genome editing is a relatively new biotechnology used to

Target specific DNA sequences for removal or replacement

Which of the following cell types are differentiated?

liver cell specialized cell

A technique that uses the enzyme DNA polymerase to produce millions of copies of a particular piece of DNA is called the

polymerase chain reaction

The desired end of therapeutic cloning is to

produce mature cells for study and disease treatment.

All of the proteins that result from the translation of human genes into proteins are collectively called the human __.

proteome

The field of __ examines how proteins contribute to the production of traits.

proteomics

DNA that contains genes from more than one source is called __ DNA.

recombinant

Which type of cloning seeks to produce an individual that is genetically identical to the parent organism?

reproductive

Therapeutic cloning produces __ while reproductive cloning produces __.

specialized tissue cells, a genetically identical individual

The approximately 19,000 genes in the humans genome are translated into over __ different proteins.

200,000

Which plants have been genetically engineered to be resistant to herbicides?

Corn ; soybeans

Which process compares DNA fragments to identify relatedness between organisms?

DNA fingerprinting

The single-stranded ends of DNA molecules can be joined together by __.

DNA ligase

Vectors are used to insert __ into a new cell.

DNA or genes

Taq polymerase starts copying at

DNA primers attached to the end of the desired segment

Embryonic cells vs Adult stem cells

Embryonic cells- totipotent, have the potential to become any type of cell, undifferentiated, can produce entire tissues and organs Adult stem cells- multipotent, partially differentiated, not able to produce every type of cell

Restriction enzymes cut only at specific sites and therefore are not useful for genetic engineering.

False

The polymerase chain reaction is a method for making copies of small amounts of several segments of DNA.

False

True or false: The human genome project revealed that small regions of DNA do not vary among individuals.

False

A process that uses sections of DNA in order to identify individuals is known as DNA __.

Fingerprinting

Which of the following could not be the recognition site of a restriction endoculease?

GCTTGC ; CGAACG

Genetically modified organisms are produced typically by using __ __ technology.

Recombinant ; DNA

This figure depicts __ cloning.

Reproductive

Genetic __ is the direct alteration of genomes to improve organisms.

engineering

Transgenic organisms have had a foreign __ inserted into their genome.

gene

The alteration of genomes for medical purposes is categorized under the field of _________ engineering.

genetic

The term GMO stands for

genetically modified organism

A scientist seeking to study the complete genetic makeup of an organism is studying in the field of _____.

genomics

The study of genes and intergenic DNA sequences, human and otherwise is called __.

genomics

Embryonic stem cells are totipotent, meaning that they

have the potential to become any other type of cell in an organism

Better control of weeds and reduced soil erosion can result from planting crops that are genetically engineered to resist which of these?

herbicides

The most likely source of the Taq polymerase used in PCR is a bacterium that lives in

hot springs

Which organism is being designed in order to provide hearts and organs for human transplants?

pigs

Which of the following terms refers to the use of computer technologies to study the genome?

bioinformatics

While most cells in the body differentiate to become specific types of tissue cells, __ cells retain their ability to become any other type of cell.

stem

Organisms that have a foreign gene inserted into them are called __ organisms.

transgenic

The Human Genome Project was a 13-year project that has managed to determine the sequence of the __ base pairs of the human genome.

3.2 billion

The gene for which hormone has been inserted into a variety of animal eggs?

Bovine growth hormone

The targeting of specific sequences in DNA for removal or replacement is called __.

Genome editing

Complete the following statements to describe the pro iPods of genome editing. Not all choices will be used

Genome editing is a process by which specific sequences of DNA are targeted for removal or replacement. "CRISPR" is the most widely used method for genome editing. These clustered, regularly interspersed, short palindromic repeats were first discovered acting as immune defense in prokaryotes. The CRISPR system relies on an endonuclease called Cas9, which inactivates invading viruses by breaking the DNA strands. Cas9 relies on a guide RNA molecule to locate a specific nucleotides to be cut in the viral genome. The bacteria is protected against the destructive nature of Cas9 by a PAM sequence found in the viral genome that is not found in bacteria

Which of the following is true about recombinant DNA?

It contains DNA from at least 2 different sources.

Match the type of cloning with its purpose.

Reproductive > produces a genetically identical individual Therapeutic > produces specialized tissue cells

The purpose of __ is to produce an individual genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproductive cloning

The procedure used to determine the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA is called DNA __.

Sequencing

What is the typical size of the targeted DNA sequence that is copied with PCR?

Several hundred nucleotides

Select the true statements about the base sequencing variations among individuals.

Some individuals have genes that vary by one base. Some individuals have additional copies of some genes.

Identify the human diseases that therapeutic cloning has the potential to treat.

Spinal cord injuries; diabetes; Parkinson disease

Which of the following was accomplished by the Human Genome Project?

The order of the base pair sequences of the human chromosomes was determined.

Complete the following statements to explain the importance of polymerase chain reactions and DNA fingerprinting. Not all choices will be used

The polymerase chain reactions can create billions of copies of a segment of DNA in a matter of hours. The temperature-insensitive DNA polymerase extracted from a bacterium found in hot springs can withstand the high temperatures needed to denature the double-stranded DNA and replication can continue uninterrupted. PCR makes it possible to sequence the tiniest amount of DNA from crime scenes. DNA fingerprinting is based on the idea that there are no coding regions of DNA consisting of two to five based that repeat a different number of times depending on the specific individual. These regions of DNA are amplified through PCR and separated by size through the process of gel electrophoresis. The shorter the resulting pieces of DNA, the guru they they travel on the gel, resulting in a banding pattern specific to that individual.

Therapeutic cloning vs Reproductive cloning

Therapeutic cloning - helps treat diabetes and Parkinson's disease, end goal includes nervous, blood and muscles cells, end goal is to learn how cells specialize Reproductive cloning- can create genetically identical pest-resistant crops, surrogate parents may be required, end goals are genetically identical plants and animals, somatic cells must be used

What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?

To determine the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA

Cells that can become any other cell type in a organism are considered __.

Totipotent

The joining of sticky ends involves the formation of phosphodiester bonds.

True

True or false: The ability of some bacteria to degrade oil can be enhanced by genetic engineering.

True

Human DNA cut with restriction enzyme A can be joined to __.

bacterial DNA cut with restriction enzyme A.

The field of study that relies heavily on computer technologies to analyze genomic and proteomic data is referred to as

bioinformatics

The purpose of PCR is to

create many copes of a segment of targeted DNA sequence in a test tube in a matter of hours.

Adult stem cells are best described as __ because they have already begun to specialize and cannot be used to produce every type of cell in the organism.

multipotent

Adult stem cells that have already started to specialize, and therefore are not able to produce every type of cell in an organism, are said to be __ cells.

multipotent

A plasmid is often used in biotechnology applications as a(n) ____ to transfer foreign genetic material.

vector

The use of animal organs for human transplants is called

xenotransplantation