Chapter 12 "Problem Solving"
seeing more efficient solutions to problems
water jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from
the box is empty
illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if
the sudden realization of a problems solution
insight refers to
creating subgoals
intermediate states can be created by
flexibility; experience
text identifies scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. this particular discussion suggests that ___ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking
latent inhibition
textbook suggests that a trait appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________.
analogies
texts discussion of research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ___ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems
representation and restructuring
the circle problem, was proposed to illustrate ..
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state
the typical purpose of subgoals is to
initial
tower of hanoi problem, the ____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty
rise suddenly; gradually rise
warmth judgements on nearness to a solution _______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _____ prior to solution of a non-insight problem
group brainstorming
Phoenix decorating company
swinging
A _______ string led to a restructured representation in the two string problem
divergent thinking
Ali @ Citrus Squeeze - use of cartons represents ..
a mental set
Amber continuing to take the street to the north represents..
analogies
Dr. Curious studying the effect of ____ on problem solving Shoe problem
novel objects before a function was described
Finke used the term pre-inventive forms to describe the
made the objects themselves
Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preventive objects if they
structural;enhance
Genter/Goldinmeadow illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ___ features that ____ ability to solve problems
reorganization or restructuring
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving ..
noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most of the participants need prompting before the notice a connection
Gick/Holyoak consider what to be the most difficult step to achieve in analogical problem solving
the solution is immediately obvious
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. how will she retrieve the book? psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because
way problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving
Kaplan & Simon main purpose of experiment was to demonstrate
bread and butter
Kaplan & Simon participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time
demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
Metcalfe & Wiebe "warmth judgement" the purpose of the experiment was to..
search
Newell & Simon their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves ... information processing approaching involves ..
initial state
Newell & Simon - called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the ___
Gestalt Psychologists
______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving
analogical transfer
ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as
operators
actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as
laboratory and real-world settings
analogical paradox refers to problem solving differences between
russian marriage
analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious the _____ problem
creative cognition
apollo 13
what information a person is attending to while solving a problem
best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is they they are used to determine
using a juice glass as a container for orange juice
best example of functional fixedness
in vivo problem solving
brainstorming session in a department than than artificial lab setting. analyzes, records, identifies. research is an example of what
source
considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ____ problem
goal state
elements of the problem space include the following EXCEPT
take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem
experts ___ than novices
general principles that problems share
experts categorize problems based on ..
novel object
function fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
noticing, mapping, and applying
gick/holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves what three steps
functional fixedness
holly in the kitchen with the missing ladle Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by what obstacle?
fragile-glass; structural
holyoak/koh found the ___ version to be more effective, because it had ____ feature in common with the radiation problem
target; source
in analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that the individual is trying to solve, and the ______ problem is used as a guide for reaching that solution
intermediate
in the two string problem, tying pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________
it has a single correct answer
not true about divergent thinking
structural features
people are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on fortress/tumor problem have different _____
analogy
radiation problem was used in text to illustrate role of ___ in problem solving
match box can be used as a shelf
solution to the candle problem involves realizing that
connecting the fortress with the tumor
when the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which represented the mapping step of this process
has one correct answer
which is not part of a complete definition of a problem
being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field
which of statement does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems
two-string problem
which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem