Chapter 12 "Problem Solving"

seeing more efficient solutions to problems

water jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from

the box is empty

illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the sudden realization of a problems solution

insight refers to

creating subgoals

intermediate states can be created by

flexibility; experience

text identifies scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. this particular discussion suggests that ___ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking

latent inhibition

textbook suggests that a trait appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ________.

analogies

texts discussion of research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ___ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems

representation and restructuring

the circle problem, was proposed to illustrate ..

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

the typical purpose of subgoals is to

initial

tower of hanoi problem, the ____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty

rise suddenly; gradually rise

warmth judgements on nearness to a solution _______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _____ prior to solution of a non-insight problem

group brainstorming

Phoenix decorating company

swinging

A _______ string led to a restructured representation in the two string problem

divergent thinking

Ali @ Citrus Squeeze - use of cartons represents ..

a mental set

Amber continuing to take the street to the north represents..

analogies

Dr. Curious studying the effect of ____ on problem solving Shoe problem

novel objects before a function was described

Finke used the term pre-inventive forms to describe the

made the objects themselves

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preventive objects if they

structural;enhance

Genter/Goldinmeadow illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ___ features that ____ ability to solve problems

reorganization or restructuring

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving ..

noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most of the participants need prompting before the notice a connection

Gick/Holyoak consider what to be the most difficult step to achieve in analogical problem solving

the solution is immediately obvious

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. she attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. how will she retrieve the book? psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

way problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

Kaplan & Simon main purpose of experiment was to demonstrate

bread and butter

Kaplan & Simon participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Metcalfe & Wiebe "warmth judgement" the purpose of the experiment was to..

search

Newell & Simon their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves ... information processing approaching involves ..

initial state

Newell & Simon - called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the ___

Gestalt Psychologists

______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving

analogical transfer

ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

operators

actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

laboratory and real-world settings

analogical paradox refers to problem solving differences between

russian marriage

analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious the _____ problem

creative cognition

apollo 13

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is they they are used to determine

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

best example of functional fixedness

in vivo problem solving

brainstorming session in a department than than artificial lab setting. analyzes, records, identifies. research is an example of what

source

considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the ____ problem

goal state

elements of the problem space include the following EXCEPT

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

experts ___ than novices

general principles that problems share

experts categorize problems based on ..

novel object

function fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

noticing, mapping, and applying

gick/holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves what three steps

functional fixedness

holly in the kitchen with the missing ladle Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by what obstacle?

fragile-glass; structural

holyoak/koh found the ___ version to be more effective, because it had ____ feature in common with the radiation problem

target; source

in analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that the individual is trying to solve, and the ______ problem is used as a guide for reaching that solution

intermediate

in the two string problem, tying pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________

it has a single correct answer

not true about divergent thinking

structural features

people are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on fortress/tumor problem have different _____

analogy

radiation problem was used in text to illustrate role of ___ in problem solving

match box can be used as a shelf

solution to the candle problem involves realizing that

connecting the fortress with the tumor

when the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which represented the mapping step of this process

has one correct answer

which is not part of a complete definition of a problem

being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

which of statement does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems

two-string problem

which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem