Chapter 12 Questions

The Tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach. a. ill-defined; Gestalt b. ill-defined; information processing c. well-defined; Gestalt d. well-defined; information processing

well-defined; information processing

Gentner and coworkers' studies show that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to ____ features that ____ their ability to solve other problems. a. surface; diminish b. surface; enhance c. structural; diminish d. structural; enhance

structural; enhance

Convergent thinking a. is open-ended. b. has a large number of potential solutions. c. has no correct answer. d. has a correct answer.

Has a correct answer

Divergent thinking is most closely associated with ____ problems. a. ill-defined b. well-defined c. source d. target

Ill-defined

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. intermediate states. b. subgoals. c. operators. d. mental sets.

Operators

In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem has higher difficulty than the _____ problem. a. source; target b. target; source c. prototype; target d. exemplar; source

target; source

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a free-way. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents a. a single dissociation. b. a source problem. c. a mental set. d. convergent thinking

A mental set

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _____ for the problems. a. analogies b. initial states c. a single correct answer d. schemas

A single correct answer

The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. analogical encoding. b. analogical transfer. c. insight. d. in vivo problem solving.

Analogical transfer

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of _____ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache? a. analogies b. anaphoric interference c. perceptual segregation d. divergent thinking

Analogies

The text's discussion of the research on in-vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. analogies b. insight c. flexibility d. subgoals

Analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. a. means-end analysis b. functional fixedness c. analogy d. mental set

Analogy

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. b. Experts often group problems differently than novices, based on principles. c. Experts often get off to a slower start than novices. d. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checker-board problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time. a. blank b. color c. black and pink d. bread and butter

Bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to a. solve insight problems. b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. d. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis.

Bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? a. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor b. Developing schemas for each individual problem c. Connecting the fortress with the tumor d. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

Intermediate states can be created by a. restructuring initial states. b. restructuring goal states. c. creating operators. d. creating subgoals

Creating subgoals

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix submits a variety of sketches as possible designs. In each design, it describes the concept as well as the floral materials that will be involved. This design process represents a. creative cognition. b. a well-defined problem. c. convergent thinking. d. design fixation.

Creative cognition

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to a. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. b. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. c. show that some problems are easier to solve than others. d. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems.

Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several bird feeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a. convergent thinking. b. divergent thinking. c. insight. d. hierarchical organization.

Divergent thinking

The creative cognition approach that Finke used to get people to "invent" useful objects, is an example of a. convergent thinking. b. the role of insight in creativity. c. divergent thinking. d. the means-end analysis

Divergent thinking

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? a. Discriminability b. Perseveration c. Divergent thinking d. Functional fixedness

Functional fixedness

Experts categorize problems based on a. how similar the objects in the problem are. b. general principles that problems share. c. surface and deep structures. d. event-specific knowledge.

General principles that problems share

____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. a. Newell and Simon's logic theorist computer problem b. Gestalt psychologists c. The physicist Richard Feynman d. The analogical problem solving approach

Gestalt psychologists

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of ____ research. a. think-aloud protocol b. situationally-produced mental set c. environmental functional fixedness d. in vivo problem-solving

In-vivo problem solving

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the a. intermediate state. b. goal state. c. initial state. d. source story.

Initial state

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ____ state. a. functional fixedness b. goal c. intermediate d. initial

Intermediate

It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define ____ for an insight problem. a. an initial state b. operators c. a goal state d. intermediate states

Intermediate states

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a. experts and novices. b. laboratory and real-world settings. c. experimental groups and control groups. d. well- and ill-defined problems.

Laboratory and real-world settings.

In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the ______ condition. a. low-pressure b. high-pressure c. well-defined d. ill-defined

Low-pressure

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for pre-inventive objects if they a. made the objects themselves. b. had received training in creative thinking. c. had been pre-selected as "creative" individuals. d. were told they were expected to be creative.

Made the objects themselves

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the a. match box can be used as a container for tacks. b. match box can be used as a shelf. c. candle can be cut in half. d. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally

Match box can be used as a shelf

To reduce the likelihood of design fixation when completing a creative design task, you should a. not present a sample design. b. present one sample design for a brief period. c. present one sample design throughout the task. d. present multiple sample designs.

Not present a sample design

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection b. Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify c. Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another d. Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more diffi-cult to reorganize a problem

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps: a. restructuring, searching, and simulating. b. noticing, mapping, and applying. c. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. d. well-defining, insighting, and means-end analysis.

Noticing, mapping, and applying.

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) a. novel object. b. familiar object. c. frequently used object. d. object with a specific function.

Novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term pre-inventive forms to describe the a. object parts. b. novel objects before a function was described. c. practical objects within the category. d. inventions rated high in both practicality and originality.

Novel objects before a function was described

Which of the following is an operator for the acrobat problem? a. Arrange acrobats in order of ascending size from left to right b. Only one acrobat may jump at a time c. Acrobats must be of equal weight d. The medium acrobat is on the left of the large acrobat

Only one acrobat may jump at a time

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT a. initial state. b. operators. c. goal state. d. intermediate states.

Operators

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate a. how analogies can be used to solve problems. b. means-end analysis. c. representation and restructuring. d. the problem space.

Representation and restructuring

The radiation problem can be solved using a. representation and restructuring. b. means-end analysis. c. warmth judgments. d. mental set.

Representation and restructuring

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. restructuring. b. multiple goal states. c. sensory operators. d. continuity and form.

Restructuring

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem. a. lightbulb b. Tower of Hanoi c. radiation d. Russian marriage

Russian marriage

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a. insight. b. algorithms. c. parity. d. search.

Search

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving a. design fixation. b. creative cognition. c. insight. d. search.

Search

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. b. being able to solve other problems at all. c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. d. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems.

Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem. a. source b. target c. exemplar d. prototype

Source

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on a. surface features. b. structural features. c. operators. d. mental sets.

Structural features

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different a. surface features. b. operators. c. structural features. d. mental sets.

Surface features

A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem. a. stationary b. swinging c. knotted d. unknotted

Swinging

Experts _____ than novices. a. spend less time analyzing problems b. are better at reasoning in general c. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems d. take a more effective approach to a problem

Take a more effective approach to a problem

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if a. fewer tacks are provided. b. pliers are also presented. c. the box is empty. d. the candle is already lit.

The box is empty.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a. the solution is immediately obvious. b. there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. c. the initial state is not clearly defined. d. the goal state is not clearly defined.

The solution is immediately obvious.

Insight refers to a. prior learning facilitating problem solving. b. prior learning hindering problem solving. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

The sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that a. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically towards the solution of a non-insight problem. b. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem. c. people often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem. d. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

The way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a. Tower of Hanoi problem b. Two-string problem c. Mutilated checkerboard problem d. The radiation problem

Two-String problem

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? a. Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight b. Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target c. Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice d. Using a wine bottle as a vase

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a. what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. b. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. c. how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. d. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner.

What information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _____ may be more important than _____ in creative thinking. a. experience; structure b. structure; experience c. flexibility; experience d. experience; flexibility

flexibility; experience

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem. a. insufficient-intensity; surface b. insufficient-intensity; structural c. fragile-glass; surface d. fragile-glass; structural

fragile-glass; structural

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. a. gradually rise; gradually rise b. gradually rise; rise suddenly just c. rise suddenly just; gradually rise d. vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably

rise suddenly just; gradually rise