Chapter 12 Quiz

Which are the three ways in which fungi cause illness in humans? 1. Hypersensitivity - person has allergic reaction to fungal components. 2. Intoxication - fungus produces a toxin that is ingested. 3. Immune suppression - fungus destroys all red blood cells. 4. Infection - fungus grows on body as a mycosis. -- 1. 1, 2, and 4 2. 4 only 3. 2, 3, and 4 4. 1, 3, and 4 5. 1, 2, and 3

1, 2, and 4

Please select the FALSE statement regarding arthropod vectors: 1. Arthropods are very specific and always bite only one type of host 2.Some arthropods cause disease even when they do not act as a vector. 3.The incidence of vector-borne diseases can be decreased by controlling the vector or the infected hosts. 4.Mechanical vectors simply transfer a pathogen from one surface to another. 5.Biological vectors play an essential role in the life cycle of the pathogen.

Arthropods are very specific and always bite only one type of host

The pH at which most fungi thrive is ________. 1. 8 2. 5 3. 7 4. 3 5. 14

5

Which of the following statements regarding protozoa is FALSE? 1. Protozoa are unicellular organisms. 2. Some protozoa are photosynthetic. 3. Some protozoa are parasitic. 4. All protozoa lack mitochondria. 5. Trichomoniasis is caused by a protozoan.

All protozoa lack mitochondria.

Select the TRUE statement regarding algae. 1. Algae are plants and therefore possess a highly organized vascular system. 2. Algae are generally saprophytic, living off dead and decaying matter. 3. Some algae can directly cause infectious diseases in humans and other animals. 4. Although most algae have a cellulose/pectin cell wall, some algae lack a cell wall. 5.Algae always reproduce sexually, producing both haploid and diploid generations.

Although most algae have a cellulose/pectin cell wall, some algae lack a cell wall.

What is a definitive host in the life cycle of a parasite? 1. An organism in which the parasite multiplies asexually, without causing any damage to the host. 2. An organism in which either sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction of the parasite occurs. 3. An organism in which sexual reproduction or the adult form of a parasite occurs. 4. An organism from which a parasite typically is not passed to another host, so that the parasite cannot complete its life cycle. 5.An organism in which asexual reproduction or an immature form of a parasite occurs.

An organism in which sexual reproduction or the adult form of a parasite occurs.

Please select the FALSE statement regarding plague and its transmission. 1. The incidence of vector-borne diseases such as plague can be decreased by controlling the vector or the infected hosts. 2. Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative organism and thus possess an outer lipopolysaccharide layer. 3. Plague is caused by a Gram-negative organism and is thus completely untreatable with antibiotics. 4. People can contract plague when they are bitten by fleas from rodents infected with the causative organism. 5. Y. pestis is typically transmitted by the bites of infected fleas, an example of biological transmission.

Plague is caused by a Gram-negative organism and is thus completely untreatable with antibiotics.

Which of the following definitions is CORRECT? 1.Mycelium—thread-like structure that characterizes the growth of most fungi and some bacterial species. 2.Zooplankton—microscopic free-floating photosynthetic organisms. 3.Saprophytes—organisms that take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter. 4.Kinetoplastids—a group of protozoa that penetrate host cells by means of a structure called an apical complex. 5.Proglottids—short, non-segmented, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms.

Saprophytes—organisms that take in nutrients from dead and decaying matter.

Which of the statements BEST describes tapeworms? 1.They may be transmitted by eating undercooked meat. 2.They have a complicated digestive system AND they may be transmitted by eating undercooked meat. 3.They have a complicated digestive system. 4.They do not have a digestive system. 5.They do not have a digestive system AND they may be transmitted by eating undercooked meat.

They do not have a digestive system AND they may be transmitted by eating undercooked meat.

Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis, a Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rod. It is non-motile and grows best at 28°C. Because you are a microbiology student, you know that the organism is: 1. a mesophile that grows best without oxygen but can also grow when oxygen is present. 2. a mesophile that cannot grow when oxygen is present. 3. a psychrophile that grows best without oxygen but can also grow when oxygen is present. 4. a psychrophile that grows best in the presence of oxygen but can also grow without it. 5. a mesophile that grows best in the presence of oxygen but can also grow without it.

a mesophile that grows best in the presence of oxygen but can also grow without it.

Most fungi are: 1. aerobes or facultative anaerobes. 2.microaerophiles. 3.obligate anaerobes. 4.obligate aerobes. 5.photosynthetic.

aerobes or facultative anaerobes.

Lichens may be an association of: 1. fungus and ants. 2. several different fungi. 3. virus and algae. 4. protozoa and bacteria. 5. algae and fungi.

algae and fungi.

Agar is obtained from: 1. protozoans. 2. algae. 3. bacteria. 4. plants. 5. yeasts.

algae.

Once Y. pestis is in the human host, it is ingested by macrophages. Conditions within the macrophage activate certain genes in the bacterium, one of which is a gene for a capsule production. The capsule: 1.allows the bacteria to survive excess heat. 2.allows the bacteria to avoid phagocytosis. 3.provides a source of nutrients for the bacteria. 4. allows the bacteria to float in water. 5.allows the bacteria to exchange DNA with other bacteria.

allows the bacteria to avoid phagocytosis.

Haustoria... 1. are specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi. 2. are a form of parasitic protozoan. 3. are the reproductive form of protozoans. 4. are a type of root used by all climbing plants. 5. refers to the reproductive structure formed by slime molds.

are specialized hyphae used by parasitic fungi.

Mycorrhizae: 1. are vital for the survival of many plants AND increase the absorptive ability of roots. 2. increase the absorptive ability of roots AND are used in the production of wine, beer, and bread. 3. are used in the production of wine, beer, and bread AND are vital for the survival of lichens. 4. are vital for the survival of many plants AND are used in the production of wine, beer, and bread. 5. are vital for the survival of lichens AND are vital for the survival of many plants.

are vital for the survival of many plants AND increase the absorptive ability of roots.

Fungal spores are a major cause of: 1. food spoilage. 2. hallucinations. 3.fermentation. 4.anaerobic disease. 5.asthma.

asthma.

Most of the medically important multicellular parasites are arthropods or helminths, true or false?

True

Typically, arthropods serve as vectors of disease, while helminths directly cause disease, true or false?

True

Which of the following is NOT a vector? 1. Tick 2. Flea 3. Mosquito 4. Water 5. Fly

Water

Which of the following are diseases caused by protozoa? 1. Schistosomiasis, amebiasis, AND primary amebic meningoencephalitis. 2. Dengue fever, malaria, AND plague. 3. Amebiasis, malaria, AND plague. 4. Giardiasis, malaria, AND toxoplasmosis. 5. Giardiasis, malaria, AND trichinellosis.

Giardiasis, malaria, AND toxoplasmosis.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning occurs when humans eat shellfish that have fed on: 1. Vibrio cholerae. 2. Gonyaulax species. 3. Volvox species. 4. E. coli. 5. Salmonella species.

Gonyaulax species.

Fungal diseases are generally referred to as: 1. infections. 2. mycoses. 3. funguses. 4. systemics. 5. infestations.

Mycoses

Are all fungi detrimental (bad) for other organisms?

No—it depends on the fungus and the relationship it has with the other organism. Some fungi can form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots that increases their nutrient and water absorption. This is good.

Why would all protozoa be expected to require large amounts of water in their habitats? 1. Without being in water, they would quickly dehydrate (due to their small size) and die. 2. Without being in water, they would quickly undergo plasmolysis (due to their small size) and die. 3. They require water to help them during photosynthesis by providing an electron source. 4. They require water to move around in to seek food particles and would be unable to move without water. 5. None of the statements is correct.

Without being in water, they would quickly dehydrate (due to their small size) and die.

Coccidioidomycosis is: 1. a fungal disease caused by Candida sp. 2. a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides sp. 3. a viral disease caused by Coccidioides sp. 4. a protozoan disease caused by Coccidioides sp. 5. a protozoan disease caused by Candida sp.

a fungal disease caused by Coccidioides sp.

Macroscopic algae possess a special structure that acts as an anchor and is commonly called: 1. the stipe. 2. roots. 3. the bladder. 4. a thallus. 5. a holdfast.

a holdfast.

Yersinia pestis is transmitted by fleas. The organism forms biofilms in the digestive tract of infected fleas, often blocking the tract. This prevents the flea from feeding properly, causing bacteria to be regurgitated into the bite wound that the flea has made. In this situation, the flea is a: 1. biological host 2. dead-end host. 3. mechanical host. 4. mechanical vector. 5. biological vector.

biological vector.

All fungi have ________ in their cell walls. 1. chitin 2. peptidoglycan 3. ergesterol 4. cellulose 5. pectin

chitin

One of the organisms that may cause red tide is: 1. dinoflagellates. 2. euglenids. 3. diatoms. 4. green algae. 5. brown algae.

dinoflagellates.

Convergent evolution... 1. refers to two different organisms that develop similar characteristics in adaptation to similar environments 2.explains the morphological similarity yet major genetic differences found between slime molds and fungi AND refers to two different organisms that develop similar characteristics in adaptation to similar environments. 3. explains the morphological similarity yet major genetic differences found between slime molds and fungi.

explains the morphological similarity yet major genetic differences found between slime molds and fungi AND refers to two different organisms that develop similar characteristics in adaptation to similar environments.

The return of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and nitrogen to the soil is due to the action of: 1. fungi and viruses. 2. fungi and bacteria. 3. viruses and plants. 4. plants and bacteria. 5. bacteria and viruses.

fungi and bacteria.

Sexual reproduction in algae involves meiosis that results in the production of: 1. spores with twice as much DNA as the parental cells. 2. gametes with the same amount of DNA as in the parental cells. 3. gametes with half the amount of DNA as in the parental cells. 4. swarming cells with the same amount of DNA as the parental cells. 5. spores with the same amount of DNA as the parental cells.

gametes with half the amount of DNA as in the parental cells.

Protozoan classification used to be based on their means of: 1. reproduction. 2. causing disease. 3. obtaining nutrients. 4. locomotion. 5. growth.

locomotion.

Algae are important environmentally as: 1. supporting fungal growth. 2. major producers of carbon dioxide. 3. local flora. 4. major producers of oxygen. 5. local contaminants.

major producers of oxygen.

Lice and mites... 1. cause Lyme disease. 2. may both be spread by personal contact. 3. are both arachnids. 4. are intestinal parasites. 5. both cause respiratory illness.

may both be spread by personal contact.

Nematodes: 1. are carried by bacteria and fungi. 2.includes the trematodes. 3.only infect aquatic plants. 4.have flat, segmented bodies. 5.may enter the gastrointestinal tract or the blood.

may enter the gastrointestinal tract or the blood.

Dimorphic fungi... 1. are strictly yeasts AND are often associated with disease in humans. 2. may grow as mycelia or yeast AND are often associated with disease in humans. 3. may grow as mycelia or yeast AND are mushrooms. 4. are strictly hyphae AND are often associated with disease in humans. 5. are often associated with disease in humans AND are mushrooms.

may grow as mycelia or yeast AND are often associated with disease in humans.

Fleas... 1. have only one host—humans. 2. may transmit a toxin. 3. may transmit Lyme disease. 4. have only two hosts—cats and dogs. 5. may transmit Yersinia pestis.

may transmit Yersinia pestis.

Schizogony: 1. means multiple fissions AND is performed by protozoa. 2.is performed by protozoa AND is a type of reproduction. 3.is a form of reproduction AND means multiple fissions. 4.is performed by bacteria AND is performed by protozoa. 5.means multiple fissions AND is performed by bacteria.

means multiple fissions AND is performed by protozoa.

Fungi are classified according to their: 1. mode of nutrition. 2. cap color. 3. morphology. 4. mode of locomotion. 5. method of sexual reproduction.

method of sexual reproduction.

A tangle of fungal hyphae is generally known as a: 1.germ tube. 2.mycelium. 3.bud. 4.spore. 5.biofilm.

mycelium.

Algae... 1. are only found in the soil. 2. have a vascular system similar to that of plants. 3. often grow in areas where other forms of life may have difficulty. 4. are always saprophytic or parasitic. 5. are strictly macroscopic organisms.

often grow in areas where other forms of life may have difficulty.

Pediculus humanus... 1. only uses humans as a host AND is carried by mosquitoes. 2. is an obligate intracellular parasite AND only uses humans as a host. 3. can transmit a bacterial disease AND only infects feet. 4. only uses humans as a host AND can transmit a bacterial disease. 5. only infects feet AND can transmit a bacterial disease.

only uses humans as a host AND can transmit a bacterial disease.

Free-floating, photosynthetic organisms found in marine environments are: 1. krill. 2. blue-green algae. 3. omega-3s 4. Bucella. 5. phytoplankton.

phytoplankton.

Gonyaulax... 1. infects the nervous system of humans AND is a monoflagellate. 2. produces a non-protein enterotoxin AND is a dinoflagellate. 3. produces a protein neurotoxin AND is a dinoflagellate. 4. is a monoflagellate AND produces a non-protein neurotoxin. 5. produces a non-protein neurotoxin AND is a dinoflagellate.

produces a non-protein neurotoxin AND is a dinoflagellate.

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll include: 1. algae AND archaea. 2. protozoa AND yeasts. 3. algae AND yeasts. 4. protozoa AND cyanobacteria. 5. yeasts AND cyanobacteria.

protozoa AND yeasts.

Sarcodina move by means of: 1. microvilli. 2. apicomplexans. 3. pseudopodia. 4. flagella. 5. cilia.

pseudopodia.

Fungi that are important for fermentation of fruits: 1.are mushrooms. 2.are obligate aerobes. 3. secrete degradative enzymes. 4.grow well at neutral pH. 5. All of the choices are correct.

secrete degradative enzymes.

When cellular slime molds run out of food, they form a: 1. bladder. 2. rhizoid. 3. myxamoeba. 4. plasmodium. 5. slug.

slug.

Lyme disease is transmitted by: 1. mosquitoes. 2. ticks. 3. bacteria. 4. lice. 5. fleas.

ticks.

Plant pathology grew in importance as a field of study after it was shown that the Irish potato blight was caused by: 1. fungi. 2. viruses. 3. water molds. 4. amoeboid protozoa. 5. bacteria.

water molds.

Fungi capable of dimorphism grow either as: 1. spores or mushrooms. 2. germ tubes or buds. 3. yeast-like or mushrooms. 4. rhizoids or hyphae. 5. yeast-like or mycelium.

yeast-like or mycelium.

The ability to exist as either a trophozoite or a cyst is characteristic of many: 1. protozoa. 2. archaea. 3. viruses. 4. fungi. 5. bacteria.

Protozoa

Fungi are important in: 1. disease of plants. 2. food spoilage. 3. production of antibiotics. 4. food production. 5. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which disease is INCORRECTLY matched with its arthropod vector? 1. Dengue fever—mosquitoes 2. Malaria—Anopheles mosquito 3. Lyme disease—ticks 4. Plague—fleas 5. African sleeping sickness—sand fly

African sleeping sickness—sand fly

Protozoans are an important part of the food chain, ingesting large numbers of: 1. other protozoans. 2. bacteria and fungi. 3. bacteria and algae. 4. fish and crabs. 5. shellfish and algae.

Bacteria and algae

Phthirus pubis, 1. are transmitted by mosquitoes 2. cause "crabs" 3. Transmit bacterial disease 4. Infect the blood 5. Are biological vectors

Cause "crabs"

Why were the slime molds and water molds once considered to be fungi? 1. Early identification methods focused on appearances rather than biochemical characteristics. 2. Water molds and slime molds always occur in the same habitats as fungi. 3. Water molds and slime molds are STILL considered to be fungi. 4. Early identification methods focused on appearances rather than genetic similarities/differences. 5. They have the same material in their cell walls (chitin) that fungi possess.

Early identification methods focused on appearances rather than genetic similarities/differences.

Why would it be more difficult to treat diseases in humans caused by members of the Eukarya than diseases caused by the Bacteria?

Eukaryotic microbes use many of the same enzymes and systems as humans, so we lose the ability to target certain molecules that might be present ONLY in the cell type we want to eliminate.

Algae have a vascular system very similar to that found in plants, true or false?

False

Algae may directly infect humans and cause disease, true or false?

False

Fungi are often capable of locomotion through the use of flagella, true or false?

False

Fungus grows well on fruits and many vegetables due to their alkaline pH, true or false?

False

Protozoans are eukaryotes and as such will always possess a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, true or false?

False

Protozoans are usually multicellular and found in arid environments, true or false?

False

Slime molds and water molds are types of fungi, true or false?

False

Diatoms are algae whose silicon dioxide-containing shells are useful economically as: 1. Fertilizers 2. Filters 3. Stabilizers 4. Agar 5. Thickeners

Filters

Which of the statements regarding Naegleria fowleri is FALSE? 1. It is a small, Gram-negative, flagellated diplococcus. 2. It forms a cyst under adverse environmental conditions. 3. Once in a human host, it assumes an amoeboid form. 4. It is swims though water as a flagellated form. 5. It causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (brain eating disease).

It is a small, Gram-negative, flagellated diplococcus.

How would increased travel lead to increased spread of multicellular eukaryotic parasites?

Many eukaryotic parasites depend on vectors (often small blood-sucking insects) for transmission, so moving an infected individual into an area with new vectors and new susceptible humans would increase spread.

The most necessary habitat requirement of protozoa is: 1. Light 2. Moisture 3. UV light 4. basic pH 5. heat

Moisture

The terms yeast, mold, and mushrooms refers to fungal: 1. Reproduction 2. Staining 3. Morphology 4. Nutrition 5. Parasites

Morphology

Fungi are particularly good at infecting: 1. Animals 2. Protozoans 3. Algae 4. Plants 5. Fish

Plants

One of the greatest causes of human deaths through time has been due to: 1.Plasmodium spp. 2.Giardia spp. 3.Escherichia spp. 4.Trypanosoma spp. 5.Histoplasma spp.

Plasmodium spp.

Please select the INCORRECT statement regarding helminths and the diseases they cause. 1. Some helminths are inadvertently ingested. For example, Onchocerca volvulus, the cause of River blindness, is transmitted by drinking contaminated water or eating fish carrying this parasite. 2.Some helminths are transmitted through insect bites. For example, Wuchereria bancrofti, the cause of elephantiasis, is transmitted by mosquitoes. 3. Some helminths burrow into people. For example, immature forms of hookworm larvae live in the soil and can burrow through human skin. 4.Sometime helminth eggs are ingested on the surface of contaminated foods. For example, pinworm eggs (Enterobius vermicularis) may be transmitted a food surface.

Some helminths are inadvertently ingested. For example, Onchocerca volvulus, the cause of River blindness, is transmitted by drinking contaminated water or eating fish carrying this parasite.

Yersinia pestis can be transmitted in more than one way. Most commonly, a person is bitten by an infected flea from which he or she may contract bubonic plague, characterized by large and tender lymph nodes (called buboes). If a person inhales respiratory droplets from an infected patient or animal, he or she may develop pneumonic plague with signs and symptoms of pneumonia (rare). When the causative organism spreads via the bloodstream, the person may develop septicemic plague in which there is bleeding in the skin and organs (rare). Which of the following would you tell your friend to put his mind at ease about going to Yosemite?

The people who contracted plague while in Yosemite were camping and were likely exposed to fleas from ground squirrels in the camp grounds. As you will be staying in a hotel, your risk of getting bitten by squirrel fleas is very low.

Which of the following are characteristics of fungi? 1. Their cell wall contains chitin AND they use nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. 2. Their cell wall contains cellulose AND they use nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter. 3. They have a peptidoglycan cell wall AND they may be photosynthetic. 4. Their cytoplasmic membrane contains ergesterol AND they are always multicellular. 5.They have a nuclear membrane AND their cell wall contains cellulose.

Their cell wall contains chitin AND they use nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter.

Some arthropods cause disease even when they do not act as a vector. Which of the following is an example of this? 1. Scabies is characterized by an itchy rash caused by allergic reactions to female mites that have burrowed into the outer layers of skin. 2.Dust mites do not transmit infectious disease, but inhalation of the mites and their waste products can sometimes trigger asthma. 3.The pubic louse is commonly transmitted during sexual intercourse and can cause an unpleasant itch associated with "crabs." 4.The larvae of some mites are called "chiggers" and may cause intense itching where they attach and feed on fluids within skin cells. 5.These are all examples of the situation described.

These are all examples of the situation described.

Which statement about aflatoxins is NOT true? 1. They are toxins. 2. They are produced by Candida. 3. They may be found in peanuts. 4. They are possible carcinogens. 5. They are produced by Aspergillus.

They are produced by Candida.

Which of the following statements regarding tapeworms is FALSE? 1. They do not have a digestive system. 2. They absorb nutrients from the host's gut through their skin. 3. They can sometimes cause neurological signs and symptoms in the host. 4. A single worm contains both male and female reproductive organs. 5.They complete their life cycle in a single host.

They complete their life cycle in a single host.