Chapter 12 (talaro) quiz

72. Identify the three major modes of action of antiviral drugs.

Barring virus penetration into host cell Preventing virus maturation Blocking virus transcription and translation

39. Identify the active part of the penicillin structure.

Beta-lactam ring

81. Interferon is produced primarily by ______ and _____ in response to various immune stimuli.

Blank 1: fibroblasts Blank 2: leukocytes

21. Tetracycline is an example of which type of drug?

Broad spectrum

66. Which of the following diseases can be treated with tetracyclines such as doxycycline and minocycline?

Cholera Rocky Mountain spotted fever Mycoplasma pneumonia

102. One approach to deal with microbes known to be drug resistant is to do which of the following?

Combined therapies

41. Which type of inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site?

Competitive

79. Reverse transcriptase is a retroviral enzyme that does which of the following?

Converts RNA to DNA

37. Antibiotics that disrupt nucleic acid synthesis do so by targeting components of which processes?

DNA replication Transcription

65. What is a major side effect of tetracyclines?

Deposition in hard tissues

54. Which two of the following antibiotics are used to treat tuberculosis?

Ethambutol Isoniazid

67. Drugs that are effective against fungi have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans because both organisms are which of the following?

Eukaryotes

33. Antimicrobial drugs that block bacterial protein synthesis could also affect which of the following in the host cell?

Eukaryotic mitochondria

99. True or false: Natural selection for drug-resistant forms of bacteria is rare.

FALSE

75. True or false: The most effective drugs that treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms eradicate the adult stages of the organisms.

False

100. resistance to sulfonamides and trimethoprim develops when microbes use an alternative pathway for ____ acid synthesis.

Folic

31. The broad-spectrum quinolones inhibit which of the following?

Helicase

48. Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include which of the following?

Increased movement across gram-negative cell walls Increased spectrum

3. Which of the following is a substance produced by natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganisms?

Antibiotic

11. _____ chemotherapy is the use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infections and diseases caused by many types of microorganisms.

Antimicrobial

53. Identify the first tetracycline discovered.

Aureomycin

5. Which of the following are synthetic antimicrobial drugs?

Azoles Quinolones Quinines

78. Which of the following is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer?

Interferon

14. Which of the following occurs when antibiotics interact in ways that enhance or magnify each other?

Synergism

23. antibiotic that is only effective against a limited array of different microbes is called a(n) _____ spectrum antibiotic.

Narrow or limited

10. What is the term for an antimicrobial drug that is chemically synthesized in the laboratory?

Synthetic

82. The outer membrane of some Gram- _____ bacteria act as natural barriers to some drugs.

Negative

45. Which of the following is a natural fermentation product of Penicillin chrysogenum?

Penicillin G

40. ______ serves as the parent compound for all "-cillin" drugs..

Penicillin G.

50. Which of the following enzymes secreted by certain bacteria cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillins and provides for resistance against the antibiotic?

Penicillinase Beta-lactamase

43. Which of the following antibiotics contain the beta-lactam ring?

Penicillins Cephalosporins

32. Which of the following antibiotics inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Vancomycin Cycloserine Ampicillin

24. The cell walls of most bacteria are composed primarily of which of the following?

Peptidoglycan

88.A resistance factor is a ____ that confers drug resistance and is often shared among bacteria by conjugation.

Plasmid

101. Which of the following would NOT help limit drug resistance of microorganisms? Multiple choice, a. Patients must comply with physicians guidelines when taking antibiotics. b. Research should focus on longer course antibiotics that are more effective at lower doses. c. Physicians should prescribe antibiotics carefully by choosing narrow-spectrum agents when possible. d. Research should focus on developing shorter term, higher-dose antibiotics.

Research should focus on longer course antibiotics that are more effective at lower doses. Reason: A few problems with long course antibiotic therapy include: toxicity to human tissues and providing greater time for mutant bacteria to be favorably selected by the antibiotic-rich environment.

51. Two major problems for treatment with penicillin are that some patients experience which of the following?

Resistant strains of pathogens Allergic responses

76. What type of RNA virus can use its RNA as a template to produce DNA?

Retrovirus

80. Any RNA virus that can convert its own RNA into double-stranded DNA is called a(n)

Retrovirus

38. Protein synthesis inhibiting drugs affect the activity of which of the following?

Ribosomes

17. Which of the following is an antimicrobial drug isolated from natural sources and then chemically modified in the laboratory?

Semisynthetic

52. ______ penicillins are drugs that, after being naturally produced by bacteria, are chemically modified in the laboratory.

Semisynthetic

4. A great number of antibiotics are derived from which of the following bacterial genera?

Streptomyces Bacillus

25. Which bacteria are the most susceptible to antibiotics that target the cell wall?

Young, growing

93. One mechanism by which microbes can become resistant to a drug is to produce a(n) ___ that alters the structure of the drug.

enzyme

89. Microbes can inactivate drugs by producing which of the following that change the structure of the drug to a nontoxic form?

enzymes

83. True or false: Drug resistance only arises from an organism gaining the genetic information for the resistance from another organism.

false

71. The most effective drugs used to treat infections caused by flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms inhibit ____ at all stages of the life cycle rather than eradicating the adult worms.

metabolism or metabolic activity

87. Drug resistance occurs with spontaneous _____ or gene transfer from another species.

mutations or mutation

18. Bacitracin is an antibiotic with which spectra of activity?

narrow

95. The ______ of the cell wall of certain gram-negative bacteria is a natural blockade against some penicillin derivatives.

outer membrane

92. Many bacteria possess multidrug-resistant (MDR) ___ that actively transport drugs and other chemicals out of cells.

pump

61. The bark of the Cinchona tree is used to make ___

quinine

94. Drug ____ of microbes to specific drugs can increase as a result of genetic based changes in the target site (receptor) that the drug binds to.

resistance

74. A viral enzyme that converts single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA is called ____

reverse transcriptase

13. Antibiotics are made primarily by aerobic spore-forming (1)____ and (2)_____.

1. bacteria 2. fungi

6. The goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy is to (1)______ the infective agent without harming the (2)_____.

1. kill, destroy, annihilate, or eradicate 2. host, patient, host cells, or host's cells

97. Erythromycin and clindamycin resistance is associated with an alteration of the drugs target on the organism's __________.

50S ribosomal subunit

73. Metronidazole is classified as which type of agent?

Amoebicide

44.Which two semisynthetic penicillins can be used against Gram-negative bacteria?

Ampicillin Amoxicillin

30. Which of the following is the consequence of exposure of a bacterium to an antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Cell lysis

28. Which of the following structures in bacteria protect the cell from lysis (rupture) in hypotonic environments?

Cell wall

16. Which of the following are primary sites for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

Cell wall Ribosomes Cell membrane Nucleic acids

27. Cell wall inhibitors like penicillins and cephalosporins interfere with enzymes responsible for which of the following?

Cell wall construction

9. Great numbers of antibiotics are derived from which of the following fungal genera?

Cephalosporium Penicillium

62. Which of the following drugs are currently in use against Plasmodium infections?

Chloroquine Primaquine

90. The production of beta-lactamases is responsible for which of the following?

Drug inactivation

86. The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called which of the following?

Drug resistance

68. Metronidazole is used to treat which of the following protozoan pathogens?

Entamoeba histolytica Trichomonas vaginalis Giardia lamblia

7. Which of the following are characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug?

Longevity Inexpensive Microbicidal Selective toxicity to infecting agent

35. ____ analogs are structurally similar to the natural substrate and compete with it for the active site on the enzyme.

Metabolic

22. Which of the following is not a primary site for action of antimicrobial drugs in bacteria?

Mitochondria

49. isoniazid works by interfering with the synthesis of ____ acid.

Mycolic

46. Which of the following semisynthetic penicillins are useful in treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing bacteria?

Nafcillin Cloxacillin

34. Antimicrobial drugs that damage cell membrane function usually do so by creating leaks in the membrane that disrupt which of the following?

Osmotic tolerance Cell metabolism

42. Sulfonamides compete with _____ for the active site of the enzyme that synthesizes the folic acid precursor.

PABA (para-aminobenzoic acid)

20. Which of the following is an example of drug that blocks bacterial cell wall synthesis and exhibits excellent selective toxicity?

Penicillin

19. The use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk is called which of the following?

Prophylaxis

56. Tetracyclines inhibit which of the following?

Protein synthesis

96. Which is the mechanism used by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pumps to expel antimicrobial drugs and other toxic substances from a bacterial cell?

Proton-motive force similar to ATP synthesis

69. Which of the following was the principal treatment for malaria for hundreds of years?

Quinine

70. In recent years quinine has been replaced in the treatment of malaria by drugs in which of the following categories?

Quinolines

2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial drug? Multiple choice, Inexpensive Microbicidal Longevity Replaces host's own defenses Selective toxicity to infecting agent

Replaces host's own defenses

55. Which tetracycline is being used in hospitals to treat MRSA infections?

Tigecycline

1. What is the overall goal of antimicrobial chemotherapy?

To destroy the infective agent without harming the patient

84. Resistance factors are shared among bacteria by which of the following processes?

Transduction Transformation Conjugation

91. Resistance to aminoglycosides can result from changes in cell permeability caused by mutations in proteins in which of the following?

Transport system Outer membrane

36. Which of the following interfere with folate metabolism?

Trimethoprim Sulfonamides

29.True or false: Damage to the bacterial cell membrane can disrupt metabolism or lyse the cell.

True

58. True or false: Tetracyclines can be used to treat infections caused by mycoplasmas.

True

77. True or false: Antiviral drugs prevent penetration into a host cell, block transcription and translation, and prevent maturation of viral particles.

True

8. True or false: Microorganisms that produce antibiotics in their natural habitat may have a selective advantage over neighboring microbes.

True

47. Patients taking penicillin may experience ____ reactions.

allergy or allergic

59. Griseofulvin is which type of agent?

antifungal

98. Bacteria that form ___ are difficult to control because the buildup of cells makes it difficult to for the antibiotic to reach a majority of the cells.

biofilms

60. Which describes the spectrum of activity of the tetracyclines?

broad

26. An antibiotic that is effective against a wide variety of microbial types is called a(n) ______ spectrum antibiotic.

broad or extended

85. Organisms resistant to penicillins and ______ often produce beta-lactamases that hydrolyze the beta-lactam ring structure of the antibiotic.

cephalosporins or cephalosporin

63. Mebendazole

is used in the treatment of helminth infections.

64. Piperazine

is used in the treatment of helminth infections.

15. The property of an antimicrobial agent to be highly toxic against its target microbe while being far less toxic to the cells of the host organism is called _____ toxicity.

selective

12. The most common approach to drug production is the _____ method, which combines both natural and synthetic methods.

semisynthetic

57. The staining of teeth is one side effect of the antibiotic group known as the ____.

tetracycline