Chapter 12- The Digestive System

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BE

Abbreviation for Barium Enema

BM

Abbreviation for Bowel Movement

GERD

Abbreviation for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

GI

Abbreviation for Gastrointestinal

HCI

Abbreviation for Hydrocholoric Acid

IBS

Abbreviation for Irritable Bowel Syndrom

LES

Abbreviation for Lower Esophageal Sphincter

NGT

Abbreviation for Nasogastric Tube

NPO

Abbreviation for Nothing By Mouth

PO

Abbreviation for Per Os, or by mouth

TPN

Abbreviation for Total Parenteral Nutrition

UGI

Abbreviation for Upper Gastrointestinal

EGD

Abbreviation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy

GB

Abbreviation for gallbladder

GBS

Abbreviation gallbladder X-ray series

sial/o

Root meaning Salivary Glands

lapar/o

Root meaning abdomen

proct/o

Root meaning anus and rectum

cholangi/o

Root meaning bile duct

bucc/o

Root meaning cheek

col/o, colon/o

Root meaning colon

choledoch/o

Root meaning common bile duct

duoden/o

Root meaning duodenum

phag/o

Root meaning eating or swallowing

esophag/o

Root meaning esophagus

cholecyst/o

Root meaning gallbladder

gingiv/o

Root meaning gums

ile/o

Root meaning ileum

enter/o

Root meaning intestine

jejun/o

Root meaning jejunum

cheil/o

Root meaning lip

hepat/o

Root meaning liver

stomat/o

Root meaning mouth

pancreat/o

Root meaning pancreas

pylor/o

Root meaning pylorus

rect/o

Root meaning rectum

sigmoid/o

Root meaning sigmoid colon

gastr/o

Root meaning stomach

dent/i, dent/o

Root meaning teeth

gloss/o

Root meaning tongue

abdomin/o

Root meaningabdomen

chol/e, chol/o

Roots meaning bile, gall

-scope

Suffix meaning a device for visual examination

-phagia

Suffix meaning eat or swallow

-lith

Suffix meaning stone

-scopy

Suffix meaning visual examination, the act of

-emesis

Suffix meaning vomit

Internist

a specialist in internal medicine

Gastroenterologist

a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system disorders

Proctologist

a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of rectal and anal disorders

Ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Eructation

act of belching or burping gas up from the stomach

Pancreatic

adjective for pancreas

Duodenal

adjective form of duodenum used in terms naming some digestive disorders

Gastric

adjective form of stomach

Stoma

an artificial opening

Antiobdy

antibodies contained in saliva that act as antibacterial agents

Cholecystopathy

any disease of the gallbladder

Enteropathy

any disease of the intestines

Pancreatopathy

any disease of the pancreas

Melena

blood in the stool

Cirrhosis

chronic disease of the liver

Crohn's Disease

chronic inflammation of parts of the intestinal tract

Salivary Glands

collectively, the parotoid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands

Anastomosis

creation of an opening between two hollow organs

Constipation

decrease in the frequency of bowel movements; difficulty in passing stools; and/or hard, dry stools

Colonoscope

device used in colonoscopy

Dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

Stomach

digestive organ composed of four parts; the fundus, the cardia, the body, and the antrum

Antiflatulence

drugs taken to relieve gas or flatus

H2 blockers or H2-receptor antagonist

drugs that block the release of gastric acid; used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease

Antidiarrheal

drugs that relieve diarrhea by absorbing the excess fluid or by decreasing intestinal motility

Emetic

drugs that stimulate or induce vomiting; frequently used in poisoning cases

Antiemetic

drugs used to relieve vomiting

Bulimia

eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating following by self-induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives

Jejunum

eight-foot-long segment of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum

Hepatomegaly

enlarged liver

Hemorrhoids

enlarged veins in or near the anus that may cause pain or bleeding

Gastric Ulcers

erosion of the gastric mucosa

Sialorrhea

excessive production of saliva

Hyperemesis

excessive vomiting

Sialoadenectomy

excision of a salivary gland

Colectomy

excision of all or part of the colon

Jejunectomy

excision of all or part of the jejunum

Gastrectomy

excision of part of the stomach

Duodenectomy

excision of the duodenum

Cholecystectomy

excision of the gallbladder

Cholelithiasis

formation or presence of stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

Polyp

growth protruding from a stalk in the digestive tract

Gastrocele

hernia of the stomach

Dyspepsia

impairment of digestion

Colotomy

incision into the colon

Cholecystotomy

incision into the gallbladder

Jejunotomy

incision into the jejunum

Pancreatomy

incision into the pancreas

Sialoadenotomy

incision of salivary gland

Diverticulitis

inflammation of a diverticulum or sac in the intestinal tract

Sialoangiitis

inflammation of a salivary duct

Sialoadentitis

inflammation of a salivary gland

Appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

Choledocholithiasis

inflammation of the bile duct caused by gall stones

Cholangiolitis

inflammation of the bile ducts

Choleangiolitis

inflammation of the bile ducts

Colitis

inflammation of the colon

Duodenitis

inflammation of the duodenum

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

Gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

Enteritis

inflammation of the intestine

Enterhepatitis

inflammation of the intestine and the liver

Jejunitis

inflammation of the jejunum

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

Stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth

Pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

Parotiditis

inflammation of the parotoid salivary glands

Peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

Gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

Gastroduodenitis

inflammation of the stomach and duodenum

Gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

Bruxism

involuntary grinding of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep

Enteroscope

lighted instrument for visually examining the intestines

Gastroscope

lighted instrument for visually examining the stomach

Anorexia

loss of appetite

Antacids

medications used to neutralize acid production

Ileocecal Sphincter

muscular ring that separates the distal portion of the ileum and the beginning of the cecum (large intestine)

Sialostenosis

narrowing of a salivary duct

Intussusception

one part of the intestine slipping or telescoping over another

Pancreas

organ of the digestive system that has both exocrine and endocrine functions; secrets enzymes that aid in digestion

Hepatogenic

originating in the liver

Inguinal Hernia

outpouching of intestines into the inguinal or groin region

Pharynx

passageway just below the nasal cavity and mouth

Hiatal Hernia

protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity

Sialography

radiography of salivary glands and ducts

Pyloric Sphincter

ring muscle between the stomach and duodenum

Duodenum

segment of the small intestine connecting with the stomach

Gallbladder

small pear-shaped organ that stores bile

Internal Medicine

specialty in the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of serious and/or chronic illnesses; the phrase is only common in North America and can also be associated with specific organs such as the liver, kidneys, etc.

Proctology

study of the rectum and anus

Duodenostomy

surgical establishment of an opening in the duodenum

Colostomy

surgical establishment of an opening into the colon

Colopexy

surgical fixation of the colon

Hepatopexy

surgical fixation of the liver

Jejunoplasty

surgical repair of the jejunum

Deglutition

swallowing

Gastrointestinal Tract

the alimentary canal, also, simply the GI tract

Alimentary canal

the digestive tract, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Colon

the large intestine, divisible into the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons

Ileum

the longest segment of the small intestine, which leads into the large intestine

Esophagus

the part of the digestive tract between the pharynx and stomach

Fundus

the part of the stomach lying above the cardia notch

Cardiac Sphincter

the ringlike muscle between the esophagus and stomach that controls food flow

Intestine ( Small and Large)

the small intestine is divisible into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine (colon) comprises the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus

Gastroenterology

the specialty concerned with the digestive system

Dental Caries

tooth decay

Common Bile Duct

tube that transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

upward flow of the stomach acid into the esophagus

Colonoscopy

visual examination of the colon with a colonscope

Duodenoscopy

visual examination of the duodenum with the aid of an endoscope

Enteroscopy

visual examination of the intestines

Hepatoscopy

visual examination of the liver

Gastroscopy

visual examination of the stomach with a lighted instrument

Bilirubin

waste produced by worn out red blood cells breaking down

Peristalsis

wavelike muscular contractions that move food along in the digestive tract

Jaundice, Icterus

yellowish cast to the skin, sclera (white part of the eye), and mucous membranes caused by bile deposits


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