Chapter 12- The Digestive System
BE
Abbreviation for Barium Enema
BM
Abbreviation for Bowel Movement
GERD
Abbreviation for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
GI
Abbreviation for Gastrointestinal
HCI
Abbreviation for Hydrocholoric Acid
IBS
Abbreviation for Irritable Bowel Syndrom
LES
Abbreviation for Lower Esophageal Sphincter
NGT
Abbreviation for Nasogastric Tube
NPO
Abbreviation for Nothing By Mouth
PO
Abbreviation for Per Os, or by mouth
TPN
Abbreviation for Total Parenteral Nutrition
UGI
Abbreviation for Upper Gastrointestinal
EGD
Abbreviation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy
GB
Abbreviation for gallbladder
GBS
Abbreviation gallbladder X-ray series
sial/o
Root meaning Salivary Glands
lapar/o
Root meaning abdomen
proct/o
Root meaning anus and rectum
cholangi/o
Root meaning bile duct
bucc/o
Root meaning cheek
col/o, colon/o
Root meaning colon
choledoch/o
Root meaning common bile duct
duoden/o
Root meaning duodenum
phag/o
Root meaning eating or swallowing
esophag/o
Root meaning esophagus
cholecyst/o
Root meaning gallbladder
gingiv/o
Root meaning gums
ile/o
Root meaning ileum
enter/o
Root meaning intestine
jejun/o
Root meaning jejunum
cheil/o
Root meaning lip
hepat/o
Root meaning liver
stomat/o
Root meaning mouth
pancreat/o
Root meaning pancreas
pylor/o
Root meaning pylorus
rect/o
Root meaning rectum
sigmoid/o
Root meaning sigmoid colon
gastr/o
Root meaning stomach
dent/i, dent/o
Root meaning teeth
gloss/o
Root meaning tongue
abdomin/o
Root meaningabdomen
chol/e, chol/o
Roots meaning bile, gall
-scope
Suffix meaning a device for visual examination
-phagia
Suffix meaning eat or swallow
-lith
Suffix meaning stone
-scopy
Suffix meaning visual examination, the act of
-emesis
Suffix meaning vomit
Internist
a specialist in internal medicine
Gastroenterologist
a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system disorders
Proctologist
a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of rectal and anal disorders
Ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Eructation
act of belching or burping gas up from the stomach
Pancreatic
adjective for pancreas
Duodenal
adjective form of duodenum used in terms naming some digestive disorders
Gastric
adjective form of stomach
Stoma
an artificial opening
Antiobdy
antibodies contained in saliva that act as antibacterial agents
Cholecystopathy
any disease of the gallbladder
Enteropathy
any disease of the intestines
Pancreatopathy
any disease of the pancreas
Melena
blood in the stool
Cirrhosis
chronic disease of the liver
Crohn's Disease
chronic inflammation of parts of the intestinal tract
Salivary Glands
collectively, the parotoid, sublingual, and submandibular salivary glands
Anastomosis
creation of an opening between two hollow organs
Constipation
decrease in the frequency of bowel movements; difficulty in passing stools; and/or hard, dry stools
Colonoscope
device used in colonoscopy
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Stomach
digestive organ composed of four parts; the fundus, the cardia, the body, and the antrum
Antiflatulence
drugs taken to relieve gas or flatus
H2 blockers or H2-receptor antagonist
drugs that block the release of gastric acid; used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease
Antidiarrheal
drugs that relieve diarrhea by absorbing the excess fluid or by decreasing intestinal motility
Emetic
drugs that stimulate or induce vomiting; frequently used in poisoning cases
Antiemetic
drugs used to relieve vomiting
Bulimia
eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating following by self-induced vomiting and misuse of laxatives
Jejunum
eight-foot-long segment of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum
Hepatomegaly
enlarged liver
Hemorrhoids
enlarged veins in or near the anus that may cause pain or bleeding
Gastric Ulcers
erosion of the gastric mucosa
Sialorrhea
excessive production of saliva
Hyperemesis
excessive vomiting
Sialoadenectomy
excision of a salivary gland
Colectomy
excision of all or part of the colon
Jejunectomy
excision of all or part of the jejunum
Gastrectomy
excision of part of the stomach
Duodenectomy
excision of the duodenum
Cholecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
formation or presence of stones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
Polyp
growth protruding from a stalk in the digestive tract
Gastrocele
hernia of the stomach
Dyspepsia
impairment of digestion
Colotomy
incision into the colon
Cholecystotomy
incision into the gallbladder
Jejunotomy
incision into the jejunum
Pancreatomy
incision into the pancreas
Sialoadenotomy
incision of salivary gland
Diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum or sac in the intestinal tract
Sialoangiitis
inflammation of a salivary duct
Sialoadentitis
inflammation of a salivary gland
Appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
Choledocholithiasis
inflammation of the bile duct caused by gall stones
Cholangiolitis
inflammation of the bile ducts
Choleangiolitis
inflammation of the bile ducts
Colitis
inflammation of the colon
Duodenitis
inflammation of the duodenum
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
Gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
Enteritis
inflammation of the intestine
Enterhepatitis
inflammation of the intestine and the liver
Jejunitis
inflammation of the jejunum
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
Stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
Parotiditis
inflammation of the parotoid salivary glands
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneal cavity
Gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
Gastroduodenitis
inflammation of the stomach and duodenum
Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
Bruxism
involuntary grinding of the teeth that usually occurs during sleep
Enteroscope
lighted instrument for visually examining the intestines
Gastroscope
lighted instrument for visually examining the stomach
Anorexia
loss of appetite
Antacids
medications used to neutralize acid production
Ileocecal Sphincter
muscular ring that separates the distal portion of the ileum and the beginning of the cecum (large intestine)
Sialostenosis
narrowing of a salivary duct
Intussusception
one part of the intestine slipping or telescoping over another
Pancreas
organ of the digestive system that has both exocrine and endocrine functions; secrets enzymes that aid in digestion
Hepatogenic
originating in the liver
Inguinal Hernia
outpouching of intestines into the inguinal or groin region
Pharynx
passageway just below the nasal cavity and mouth
Hiatal Hernia
protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity
Sialography
radiography of salivary glands and ducts
Pyloric Sphincter
ring muscle between the stomach and duodenum
Duodenum
segment of the small intestine connecting with the stomach
Gallbladder
small pear-shaped organ that stores bile
Internal Medicine
specialty in the diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of serious and/or chronic illnesses; the phrase is only common in North America and can also be associated with specific organs such as the liver, kidneys, etc.
Proctology
study of the rectum and anus
Duodenostomy
surgical establishment of an opening in the duodenum
Colostomy
surgical establishment of an opening into the colon
Colopexy
surgical fixation of the colon
Hepatopexy
surgical fixation of the liver
Jejunoplasty
surgical repair of the jejunum
Deglutition
swallowing
Gastrointestinal Tract
the alimentary canal, also, simply the GI tract
Alimentary canal
the digestive tract, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract
Colon
the large intestine, divisible into the ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons
Ileum
the longest segment of the small intestine, which leads into the large intestine
Esophagus
the part of the digestive tract between the pharynx and stomach
Fundus
the part of the stomach lying above the cardia notch
Cardiac Sphincter
the ringlike muscle between the esophagus and stomach that controls food flow
Intestine ( Small and Large)
the small intestine is divisible into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine (colon) comprises the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus
Gastroenterology
the specialty concerned with the digestive system
Dental Caries
tooth decay
Common Bile Duct
tube that transports bile from the liver to the gallbladder
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
upward flow of the stomach acid into the esophagus
Colonoscopy
visual examination of the colon with a colonscope
Duodenoscopy
visual examination of the duodenum with the aid of an endoscope
Enteroscopy
visual examination of the intestines
Hepatoscopy
visual examination of the liver
Gastroscopy
visual examination of the stomach with a lighted instrument
Bilirubin
waste produced by worn out red blood cells breaking down
Peristalsis
wavelike muscular contractions that move food along in the digestive tract
Jaundice, Icterus
yellowish cast to the skin, sclera (white part of the eye), and mucous membranes caused by bile deposits
