Chapter 12: Weathering, Erosion, an Soils
slump
A type of mass wasting that slips just a short distance is?
organic material
Any fertile soil must contain ____.
yes, but only in high mountains
Can some glaciers be found near the Equator?
chemical weathering
Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water are often involved in what?
abrasion
Deflation is to desert pavements as ___ is to ventifacts.
U-shaped
Glaciated valleys have what shape profile?
bacteria, algae, fungi, lichens, and mosses
List (at least 3) types of organisms that help to compose biological soil crusts in some very dry habitats.
wind
Loess deposits are thought to have been formed by the action of___.
drumlins
Long, streamlined hills composed of unsorted glacial till are called what?
carried as suspended sediments
Most of the sediment load in a stream is?
moist climate
Of the conditions listed below, which is the most favorable for chemical weathering?
glaciers
Plucking is a type of erosion caused by what?
mass wasting
The downhill movement of large quantities of rocks and soil due to gravity is called what?
deposition
The formation of a delta is most closely related to the process of?
varves
Thin bands of sediment formed on the bottoms of lake that are fed by glacial meltwater are referred to as ______.
climate, moisture, mineral composition, the amount of surface area exposed, slope, and the actions of plants and animals
What factors influence the speed of chemical weathering? (know at least 2)
glacier
What is a large mass of ice consisting mostly of recrystallized snow that moves under the influence of gravity?
glacial surge
What is a sudden glacier movement called?
a rock glacier
What is basically a standard glacier that contains more rock that ice?
carbonic acid
What is formed when water chemically combines with carbon dioxide?
alluvial fan
What is like a river delta on land?
talus
What is the mass of weathered rock debris found at the base of a cliff called?
kettle
What is the name for the depression in the ground moraine that remains when a block of glacial ice melts?
exfoliation
What is the process whereby thin sheets or layers of rock flake off larger rocks, often shaping them into rounded outcroppings or boulders?
weathering, erosion, deposition
What is the typical order of erosion, weathering, and deposition?
water
What plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical weathering?
clay (or kaolin)
When the mineral feldspar reacts with carbonic acid, _____ is formed.
piedmont glacier
When two or more glaciers merge and spread out onto a plain at the base of a mountain range, it is called ____.
frost wedging
When water enters a crack in a rock, expands as it freezes, and cracks the rock, what has occurs?
blowout
a bowl-shaped depression caused by strong winds carrying away all the loose materials.
fjord
a glaciated valley that ocean water has entered
sand dune
a hill or ridge of windblown sand
horizon
a layer of soil resulting from the weathering of bedrock
horn
a slender mountain peak eroded by glaciers from several slides
cirque
a steep, hollow excavation made by glacial erosion in a mountain
eskers
a winding ridge of sorted sediments deposited by a meltwater stream flowing beneath a glacier
glacial drift
deposits of sediments left by a glacier
frost heaving
the raising of rocks and boulders caused by the expansion of water freezing below the grounds surface.
landslide
the rapid movement of a large mass of any type of earth materials down a steep slope
creep
the slow movement of land surface that may cause fence posts to lean
