Chapter 13 Advanced Bio - Cardiovascular System Test

The blood vessels (___, ___, ___, ___, and ___) form a closed tubular system that carries blood away from the heart, to the cells, and back again.

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins

Arties are strong, elastic vessels adapted for carrying high-pressure blood away from the heart. Arteries become smaller as they divide and become ___.

arterioles

Upper chambers, ___, receive blood returning to the heart, and have thin walls and ear-like auricles projecting from their exterior. Below them, the thick-muscled ___ pump blood to the body and lungs.

atria, ventricles

What is their function?

prevents backflow into the C & R ventricles as they relax

Blood vessels can be divided into 2 major pathways, the ___ circuit, which goes from the heart to the lungs and back, and the ___ circuit, which goes from the heart to the body cells and back.

pulmonary, systemic

The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a ___.

pulse

The heart has 4 internal chambers: 2 upper and 2 lower. A ___ divides the chambers on the left side from those on the right.

septum

A self-exciting mass of specialized cardiac muscle called the ___ node (___ node), located in the posterior right atrium, generates the impulses for heartbeats. Therefore, it is also called the ___ of the heart.

sinoatrial, (SA), pacemaker

What is bradycardia?

slow heart rate

What are the 4 factors that affect blood pressure?

cardiac output, blood volume, peripheral resistance, blood viscosity

What is the function of systemic circulation?

carries oxygenated blood to the cells and carries poor-oxygenated blood back to the heart

Impulses from ___ or ___ may also influence the cardiac control center.

cerebrum or hypothalamus

The heart is a hollow, ___-shaped, muscular pump within the _____; it rests on the ____.

cone, mediastinum (thoracic cavity), diaphragm

Describe the pericardium.

encloses the heart; loose, sack around the heart, 2 layers protecting it

The inner ___ is smooth and made up of connective tissue and epithelium.

endocardium

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels, consisting only of a layer of ___. through which substances are exchanged with tissue cells.

endothelium

The wall of the heart is composed of 3 layers. The outermost layer, the ___.

epicardium

Where are the semilunar valves found?

exists from the ventricles

What is tachycardia?

fast heart rate

The cardiovascular (CV) system consists of?

heart and blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins)

Body temperature and the concentrations of certain ___ also influence heart rate.

ions (potassium)

The average adult heart is ___ cm long and ___ cm wide.

14, 9

The heart lies posterior to the sternum; its apex extends to the ___ intercostal space.

5th

Arterial blood pressure rises and falls, following a pattern established by the cardiac cycle. During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its ___ or ___ pressure. When the ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its ___ or ___ pressure.

maximum, systolic, minimum, diastolic

Describe the 4 factors that affect blood pressure.

Emotion, Temp., etc.

The middle layer, ___.

myocardium

Name 3 things that can cause atherosclerosis.

Poor diet, smoking, & lack of exercise

Cardiac conduction sequence

SA node - AV node - AV bundle, purkingle fibers

What is a heart murmur?

an abnormal heart sound due to valve damage

Blood pressure is the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels anywhere in the cardiovascular system, although the term "blood pressure" usually refers to ___ pressure.

arterial

What are the functions of the CV system?

supplies oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes wastes from them

The cardiac cycle consists of the atria beating in unison, called atrial ___, while the ventricles rest, called ventricular ___. This is followed by the contraction of both ventricles, called ventricular ___, while the atria relax, called atrial ___.

systole, diastole, systole ,diastole

What is the function of pulmonary circulation?

transfers deoxygenated blood to lungs

The right atrioventricular (AV) valve, called the ___ valve, and the left AV valve, called either ___ or the ___ valve, have cusps to which strings called ___ ___ attach.

tricuspid, bicuspid or mitral, chordae tendineae

During the cardiac cycle, pressure within the heart chambers rises and falls. These pressure changes open and close ___.

valves

Veins have the same 3 layers as arteries, and have flap-like ___ inside to prevent backflow of blood.

valves

Arteries are capable of ___ as directed by sympathetic impulses; when impulses are inhibited, the diameter of the vessel increases, which is called ___.

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

How do veins differ from arteries?

veins are not as thick as arteries, have valves to control the direction of blood flow

The second sound occurs as the ___ relax and the aortic and ___ valves are closing.

ventricles, pulmonary

Heart sounds can be described as a "lubb-dupp" sound. The first sound occurs as the ___ contract and the ___ and ___ valves are closing.

ventricles, tricuspid, mitral

Small vessels called ___ lead away from capillaries, and merge to form larger ___ that return blood to the heart.

venules, veins