chapter 13
6 factors
-common goals exist -interacting partners have equal status -contact is personal -cooperative activities occur -social norms favor inter-group contact -exposure to stereotype-discomfirming group members occurs
Robber's Cave
-investigate conformity and discrimination in boys (11) -phase 1: randomly split into 2 groups (rattlers and eagles) -phase 2: teams competed in fin number of challenges; most points won= trophy -phase 3: introduced goal to promote cooperation and reduce tension between groups --ingroups/outgroups can be arbitrarily defined, and strongly influenced behavior
Weapons effect: Payne (2001)
-participants more likely to misidentify tools as weapons when carried by african american individuals --implicit, stereotypical association with african aerican individuals and weapons -basic standpoint: adaptive --least costly error: avoiding situations of physical harm --stereotypes and prejudice bias the adaptive function of this effect -this wasnt the only demonstration of this effect
stereotype: Steele and Aaronson
at this point stereotype was that black individuals were less intelligent
stereotype threat
belief in group stereotype can impact performance on tasks when reminded of those stereotypes -as simple as indicating gender/race before a task
stereotyping
beliefs associating a whole group of people with certain traits
categorization and inclusion
categorization processes can increase inclusion -encourage superordinate categorization -"we are all humans" -accept categorizations with mutual respect
color blindness
dissatisfying and unrealistic
minimal group paradigm
experiment to determine minimal group entitativity for SPD -preferential attitudes/treatment directed toward those in one's own group -stereotypes reduce cognitive load
minimal group effect
favoritism toward ingroup members even when group membership is randomly assigned (coin toss)
outgroup
groups with which one feels NO sense of membership, belonging, or identity
ingroups
groups with which one feels sense of membership, belonging, and identity
extended contact effect:
if a friend has a friend in an outgroup, we are more likely to like this person, because our friend does
Bodenhausen (1990)
impact on attentional capacity -given ambiguous criminal cases -perpetrator with stereotype consistent or inconsistent name: --assault case:roberto vs robert
stereotype lift
mean performance on a difficult math test as a function of gender and test characterization -gender difference: men and women usually score diff on this test -no gender diff: men and women usually score similar on this test
discrimination
negative behaviors directed against persons due to a given group membership
prejudice
negative feelings about others due to connections to a social group
shooter bias: correll (2002)
ppl instructed to shoot as quickly as possible at target with weapon -black vs white targets
ingroup favoritism
preferential attitudes/treatment directed toward those in one's own group
racism
prejudice and discrimination based on a person's background
sexism
prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender
steele and aaronson: diagnostic condition
test described as diagnostic of intellectual ability. makes racial stereotype about intellectual ability relevant to black participants' performance and establishing threat
steele and aaronson: non-diagnostic condition
test described simply as a laboratory problem solving task that was non-diagnostic of ability
reducing prejudice: contact hypothesis
under certain conditions, direct contact between in and out groups will reduce prejudice
dissonance
use of hypocrisy, with attitudes and behavior at odds, can capitalize on dissonance reduction and reduce prejudice and discrimination -"im surprised to hear you say that-you always seemed open and fair"