chapter 13

6 factors

-common goals exist -interacting partners have equal status -contact is personal -cooperative activities occur -social norms favor inter-group contact -exposure to stereotype-discomfirming group members occurs

Robber's Cave

-investigate conformity and discrimination in boys (11) -phase 1: randomly split into 2 groups (rattlers and eagles) -phase 2: teams competed in fin number of challenges; most points won= trophy -phase 3: introduced goal to promote cooperation and reduce tension between groups --ingroups/outgroups can be arbitrarily defined, and strongly influenced behavior

Weapons effect: Payne (2001)

-participants more likely to misidentify tools as weapons when carried by african american individuals --implicit, stereotypical association with african aerican individuals and weapons -basic standpoint: adaptive --least costly error: avoiding situations of physical harm --stereotypes and prejudice bias the adaptive function of this effect -this wasnt the only demonstration of this effect

stereotype: Steele and Aaronson

at this point stereotype was that black individuals were less intelligent

stereotype threat

belief in group stereotype can impact performance on tasks when reminded of those stereotypes -as simple as indicating gender/race before a task

stereotyping

beliefs associating a whole group of people with certain traits

categorization and inclusion

categorization processes can increase inclusion -encourage superordinate categorization -"we are all humans" -accept categorizations with mutual respect

color blindness

dissatisfying and unrealistic

minimal group paradigm

experiment to determine minimal group entitativity for SPD -preferential attitudes/treatment directed toward those in one's own group -stereotypes reduce cognitive load

minimal group effect

favoritism toward ingroup members even when group membership is randomly assigned (coin toss)

outgroup

groups with which one feels NO sense of membership, belonging, or identity

ingroups

groups with which one feels sense of membership, belonging, and identity

extended contact effect:

if a friend has a friend in an outgroup, we are more likely to like this person, because our friend does

Bodenhausen (1990)

impact on attentional capacity -given ambiguous criminal cases -perpetrator with stereotype consistent or inconsistent name: --assault case:roberto vs robert

stereotype lift

mean performance on a difficult math test as a function of gender and test characterization -gender difference: men and women usually score diff on this test -no gender diff: men and women usually score similar on this test

discrimination

negative behaviors directed against persons due to a given group membership

prejudice

negative feelings about others due to connections to a social group

shooter bias: correll (2002)

ppl instructed to shoot as quickly as possible at target with weapon -black vs white targets

ingroup favoritism

preferential attitudes/treatment directed toward those in one's own group

racism

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's background

sexism

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender

steele and aaronson: diagnostic condition

test described as diagnostic of intellectual ability. makes racial stereotype about intellectual ability relevant to black participants' performance and establishing threat

steele and aaronson: non-diagnostic condition

test described simply as a laboratory problem solving task that was non-diagnostic of ability

reducing prejudice: contact hypothesis

under certain conditions, direct contact between in and out groups will reduce prejudice

dissonance

use of hypocrisy, with attitudes and behavior at odds, can capitalize on dissonance reduction and reduce prejudice and discrimination -"im surprised to hear you say that-you always seemed open and fair"