Chapter 13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Health and Disease
True or false: Koch's postulates set forth a set of criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease
True
______ is the presence of small numbers of viruses in circulating blood
Viremia
Which bacterial groups typically colonize the newborn within the first 12 hours of birth?
Prevotella, Lactobacilli, Sneathia
In the future, drugs may block which microbial communication process to effectively treat infections?
Quorum sensing
______ ______is a process by which bacteria use chemical signally for communication, and has been found to play a role in establishing an effective microbial attack against a host
Quorum sensing
______ is a systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood
Septicemia
Explain why a microbe must be able to firmly adhere to the host tissues to cause disease
The body has numerous mechanisms for flushing microbes from the tissues, such as coughing
Which two of the following are components of the human holobiont? a. Candida yeast b. ringworms c. rabies virus d. the human body
a. Candida yeast d. the human body
Which of the following are NOT structures by which viruses adhere to their host cells? a. Capsule b. Spikes c. Fimbriae d. Slime layer
a. Capsule c. Fimbriae d. Slime layer
Preliminary results from the HMP show association between the composition of the gut microbiome and which conditions? a. Chrohn's disease b. Asthma c. Heart disease d. Diabetes e. Cancer
a. Chrohn's disease b. Asthma c. Heart disease d. Diabetes
Endotoxins cause a variety of systemic effects including ____ a. Diarrhea b. Inflammation c. Hemorrhage d. Increased blood pressure e. Fatal shock condition f. Fever g. Airway constriction
a. Diarrhea b. Inflammation c. Hemorrhage e. Fatal shock condition f. Fever
Which of the following are common infections of the fetus or neonate that are included int he unified cluster known by the acronym TORCH? a. Herpes b. Rheumatic fever c. Toxoplasmosis d. Other diseases (syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus, AIDS, and chlamydia) e. Rubella f. Cytomegalovirus g. Conjunctivitis
a. Herpes c. Toxoplasmosis d. Other diseases (syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus, AIDS, and chlamydia) e. Rubella f. Cytomegalovirus
Which of the following are reasons why Koch's postulates are not universally applicable? a. Many human disease lack suitable animal model b. Not all pathogens have genes that confer pathogenicity c. Viruses have a very narrow host range d. Many human infections are polymicrobial
a. Many human disease lack suitable animal model c. Viruses have a very narrow host range d. Many human infections are polymicrobial
Which of the following indicates a relationship in which resident microorganisms prevent the overgrowth of intruder microorganisms when competing for survival in a common environment? a. Microbial antagonism b Microbial commensalism c. Microbial mutualism d. Microbial synergism
a. Microbial antagonism
Which of the following are examples of exoenzymes? a. Mucinase b. LPS c. Hyaluronidase d. Hemolysin e. Keratinase
a. Mucinase c. Hyaluronidase e. Keratinase
In most cases, pathogens leave the host via the portal of exit through: a. sloughing b. adhesion c. discharge d. secretion e. diffusion f. filtration g. excretion
a. sloughing c. discharge d. secretion g. excretion
An infectious disease with occasional new cases reported in random locales at irregular intervals is said to be ____ a. sporadic b. endemic c. pandemic d. epidemic
a. sporadic
Which of the following are examples of exotoxins? a. streptolysin b. coagulase c. collagenase d. keratinase e. kinase f. LPS g. hemolysis
a. streptolysin g. hemolysis
To establish itself in a host, a microbe must: a. survive immune system defenses b. utilize a portal of entry c. be able to adhere to host tissue d. damage and destroy host tissue e. produce toxins and exoenzymes
a. survive immune system defenses b. utilize a portal of entry c. be able to adhere to host tissue
Which two of the following statements are true regarding the human microbiome? a. the human microbiota carries many more genes than the human genome b. healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens, but these are in low abundance c. viruses present in healthy humans infect only the microbiota, not the human cells d. many sites of the human body are sterile, notably the lungs and brain.
a. the human microbiota carries many more genes than the human genome b. healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens, but these are in low abundance
Infections agents can travel to their targets through: a. the lymph b. muscles c. the bloodstream d. thickened mucus e. nerves f. cerebrospinal fluid
a. the lymph c. the bloodstream e. nerves f. cerebrospinal fluid
Which two of the following statements regarding the continuation phase of infection are true? a. this is the fifth stage of infection b. the continuation phase is generally over within a few days c. Not all infections have this phase d. this is the third stage of infection
a. this is the fifth stage of infection c. Not all infections have this phase
Which of the following can serve as reservoirs for pathogens? a. water b. soil c. animals d. humans e. fomites f. food
a. water b. soil c. animals d. humans
A(n)______ is an inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.
abscess
A(n) ______ infection is characterized by rapid onset and short duration
acute
Depending on the microbe, a pathogen can potentially be spread during _____phases of infection and disease
all
The spread of endospores in the US in 2001 was declared an act of bioterrorism when cases of ______ suddenly increased within the human population
anthrax
During an infection, proteins called ______will usually be in the blood as a sign of the host immune response.
antibodies
Any virulence factor that allows a pathogen to avoid a phagocyte is called an ________ factor
antiphagocytic
The majority of vectors are _____
arthropods
A person with an unapparent infection who shoes no symptoms of being infected yet is able to pass the disease on to others is called a(n) _____carrier
asymptomatic
A(n) _____infection is an infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue
asymptomatic
It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms. Infections of this nature are termed _____, or inapparent
asymptomatic
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a true pathogen? a. Human Immunodeficiency virus b. Candida albicans c. Plasmodium protozoan d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b. Candida albicans-it is opportunistic
Which of the following microbes are most commonly the causative agent in healthcare-associated infections? a. Hepatitis B viruses b. Gram-negative intestinal biota c. Acid-fast mycobacterium d. Gram-positive cocci
b. Gram-negative intestinal biota
Which of the following statements regarding microbes and human breast milk are correct? a. Human breast milk is sterile b. Human breast milk contains around 600 species of bacteria c. Carbohydrates in human milk are used by the baby's gut microbes d. Human milk contains many sugars that the baby digest easily
b. Human breast milk contains around 600 species of bacteria c. Carbohydrates in human milk are used by the baby's gut microbes
Mechanical vectors do NOT transmit infectious agents by____ a. contaminated vehicle b. aerosol formation c. direct contact d. food
b. aerosol formation
An individual who shelters an infectious agent long after recover is called a(n) _____ carrier. a. incubation b. chronic c. passive d. asymptomatic e. convalescent
b. chronic
Mechanical vectors transmit the infectious agent by _____ a. biting the host b. direct contact c. food d. contaminated vehicle
b. direct contact c. food d. contaminated vehicle
Toxinoses are _____ a. especially deadly toxic substances produces by parasites b. diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms c. a third class of toxins, along with endotoxins and exotoxins
b. diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms
In what ways do exotoxins usuall affect host cells? a. Digesting intracellular fibers b. disrupting intracellular function c. causing lysis of cell d. dissolving the cell cement e. damaging the cell membrane
b. disrupting intracellular function c. causing lysis of cell e. damaging the cell membrane
Pathogens can use ____ mechanisms to change the host DNA, for example, to change patterns of transcription by the process of methylation a. pathogenic b. epigenetic c. mutagenic d. enzymatic
b. epigenetic
The pathogen can indirectly damage its host by _____ a. the secretion of toxins b. inducing excessive immune responses c. the secretion of exoenzymes
b. inducing excessive immune responses
A(n) _____ is a general term for the site of infection or disease a. infection b. lesion c. disease d. sequela
b. lesion
Food is usually contaminated by which of the following sources? a. aerosols b. mechanical vector c. soil d. handler e. biological vector
b. mechanical vector c. soil d. handler
The phenomenon of microbial antagonism can be explained by a. certain normal biota directly kill other species by phagocytosis b. normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species c. the immune system only recognizes certain species for destruction d. there is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body
b. normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species d. there is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body
Which are common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections? a. contaminated food b. resident biota infections c. fomite transmission d. infections of damaged tissue
b. resident biota infections c. fomite transmission d. infections of damaged tissue
Which of the following are the three most common sites for healthcare-associated infections? a. bloodstream b. surgical sites c. central nervous system d. urinary tract e. skin f. respiratory tract
b. surgical sites d. urinary tract f. respiratory tract
The presence of viable, but not necessarily multiplying, bacteria in circulating blood is referred to as ____
bacteremia
A(n) ______ vector is an animal that not only transports an infectious agent from one host to another but plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen
biological
Put the stages of infection in order starting with the first stage at the top: a. Prodrome b. Convalescent period c. Incubation period d. Acute period
c. Incubation period a. Prodrome d. Acute period b. Convalescent period
Which of the following are common causative agents of STIs? a. Hepatitis A virus b. Streptococcus pyogenes c. Neisseria gonorrhoeae d. HIV e. Trichomonas f. Candida albicans g. Hepatitis B virus h. Shigella
c. Neisseria gonorrhoeae d. HIV e. Trichomonas f. Candida albicans g. Hepatitis B virus
Which of the following statements regarding gut microbes is correct? a. There are only 8-10 species of fungus in the human gut b. the gut microbiota is compromised of bacteria and their viruses only c. There are at least 100 types of fungus in the human gut
c. There are at least 100 types of fungus in the human gut
An infectious disease with a prevalence greater than expected for a population is said to be ____ a. sporadic b. endemic c. an epidemic d. a pandemic
c. an epidemic
_______can be characterized as any deviation from the healthy state a. pathology b. inflammation c. disease d. infection
c. disease
Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin a. Hemolysis b. coagulase c. lipolysaccharide d. collagenase e. streptolysin f. staphylokinase
c. lipolysaccharide
Which of the following statements regarding microbial changes in a developing fetus are true? a. the uterus and its contents (baby and placenta) are sterile until vaginal delivery. b. microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby through the placenta c. microbes that promote healthy skin in a newborn are transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina d. microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina
c. microbes that promote healthy skin in a newborn are transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina d. microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina
Which forms of disease are not considered by epidemiology? a. psychological diseases b. communicable disease c. no forms of disease are ignored d. noncommunicable disease e. drug addictions
c. no forms of disease are ignored
Which of the following are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing other cells and particles? a. pathogens b. eosinophils c. phagocytes d. erythrocytes
c. phagocytes
Epigenetic changes to host cells by infecting microbes can result from binding of microbial product to which two of the following? a. ribosomal RNA b. lipopolysaccharide c. small RNAs d. histones
c. small RNAs d. histones
A ______ is an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing
carrier
An infection that persists over a long duration is referred to as a ______ infection.
chronic
Normal biota generally exist in either a _______ or _________ association with their hosts
commensal, mutual
A(n) _____vehicle is a single material that serves as the course of infection for many individuals, such as a contaminated water source
common
The infectious dose of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causeative agent of the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea is 10000. this means_____
contact with fewer than 1000 cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not likely to result in a disease state
A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as ______
contagious
A ______carrier continues to be infectious during the recovery period
convalescent
During the ____ period, because their symptoms are declining as they are recovering, many patients stop taking their antibiotics
convalescent
The type of transmission that involves air as a vehicle is droplet nuclei that are transmitted by _____ and _____
coughing, sneezing
Which is not a portal of entry? a. Gastrointestinal tract b. Urogenital tract c. Respiratory system d. Circulatory system e. Skin
d. Circulatory system
Of the following. the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are _____ and ______ a. and HIV infection from unprotected sex b. a measles infection from contact with a contagious individual c. a Staphyococcus infection from consuming contaminated food d. a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin e. a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle
d. a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin e. a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle
Which of the following structures are used by bacteria, fungi, and protozoans to adhere to their host? a. lysosomes b. flagella c. actin skeleton d. fimbrae e. capsule f. spike g. surface proteins h. slime layer
d. fimbrae e. capsule g. surface proteins h. slime layer
A(n) ______carrier actually spreads infectious agents during the period immediately prior to the appearance of symptoms a. chronic b. convalescent c. asymptomatic d. incubation e. passive
d. incubation
Historically, scientists described the human "normal microbiota" as those organisms that could be cultured from the human body. This represents a significant underestimate because_____ a. it is unethical to use human tissue for culturing microbes b. bacteria can be counted easily, but fungi are more problematic c. many microbes are resident only on a small portion of the population d. many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory
d. many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory
Some disease leave ____ in the form of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs after the course of the infection a. symptoms b. granular tissue c. signs d. sequelae
d. sequelae
Which of the following are examples of localized infections? a. scarlet fever b. measles c. chickenpox d. warts e. anthrax f. boils e. tineas
d. warts f. boils e. tineas (ringworm)
Agents that cannot survive outside of the host for long periods of time must be transmitted by _____ transmission
direct
If an agent is transferred from an infected person to another person without an intermediate object, substance or space, it is said to be _____ transmission.
direct
Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma? a. Streptokinase b. collagenase c. keratinase d. micinase e. coagulase f. hyaluronidase
e. coagulase
Beginning with growth of the pathogen at the top, place the events in order that can lead to a rapid exit of the pathogen. a. inflammation results b. motility (irritability) of the bowel increases c. fluid stool provides rapid exit for pathogen d. increased peristalsis results in diarrhea e. intestinal pathogens grow in intestinal mucosa
e. intestinal pathogens grow in intestinal mucosa a. inflammation results b. motility (irritability) of the bowel increases c. fluid stool provides rapid exit for pathogen d. increased peristalsis results in diarrhea
The accumulation of excess fluids in afflicted tissues and serous cavities is called _____.
edema
An ____ infectious disease is one that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period in a particular geographic location.
endemic
The study of the frequency and distribition of disease and otherhealth-related factors in human populations is called_____
epidemiology
The microbe that causes an infection or disease is most commonly referred to as the _____, or causative agent
etiologic
A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n)______
exotoxin
Which is not a common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections? a. direct contact with persons b. aerosol transmission c. resident biota infections d. infections of damaged tissue e.. fomite transmission f. contaminated food
f. contaminated food
Droplets are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens.
false
True or false: Normal biota can benefit the human host by making a majority of the nutrients needed in human metabolism
false
A person with feces on their hands handles food and transmits it to another person through ingestion of the contaminated food. This is referred to as _____-_______ route
fecal-oral
The short appendages on some pathogenic bacteria that provides adhesion to host cells are called
fimbriae
In cases like tuberculosis and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infection agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a ______ infection
focal
Any inanimate object that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease when contacted by an infected individual is called a(n)
fomite
Different healthy individuals exhibit widely varying responses to the same microorganism due to ______ differences that influence their first, second, and/or third line immune defenses
genetic
An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a(n)_____ infection
healthcare-associated
A number of _______ worms release cysts and eggs through the feces
helminth
A(n) ______ is any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin.
hemolysin
A human plus all of its resident microbiota is a(n) _____
holobiont
Humans with compromised _____ systems can more easily experience disease caused by normal biota
immune
The number of new cases of a disease occurring during a period is referred to as the _____ of the disease
incidence
alpha hemolysis
incomplete lysis of red blood cells
The time period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms is known as the _____
incubation period
The term_____ case is used to refer to the first patient found in an epidemiological investigation, although this individual may not be the first case of the infection in the outbreak
index
Transmission of infectious agents from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material is considered to be _____transmission
indirect
The invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the human host is referred to as a(n) ______
infection
The pathogenic state involving the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as a(n) ______ disease
infectious
The pathologic state involving the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as a(n) _____ disease
infectious
Poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection is called _____
intoxication
The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called
keratinase
Certain pathogens that infect the ____are discharged out of the body in the urine that these organs create
kidneys
When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as _____
latency
Species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce_____, substances that are toxic to white blood cells, including phagocytes
leukocidins
A lower-than-normal white blood cell count is know as _______
leukopenia
A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.
localized
Swelling of one or more lymph nodes is referred to as _______
lymphadenitis
The implementation of _____asepsis practices, such as handwashing, and _____asepsis, such as the use of sterile garments for nurses and doctors, have helped to lower the incidence of HAIs in many hospitals.
medical, surgical
An infectious dose is the ______
minimum number of microbial cells required to cause an infection.
A(n) _____ infection occurs when several infectious agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site
mixed
The ______rate is the number of persons afflicted with a certain illness
morbidity
The correct epidemiological term for the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular disease is the _______rate
mortality
LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram-__________ cells
negative
A(n) _____disease is an infectious disease that does not arise from host to host transmission
noncommunicable
Lipopolysaccharide is located in the ______ ______ of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.
outer membrane
It is a concern that avian flu could become a _____ with cases spread around multiple continents
pandemic
The relationship between a pathogen and its host is best described as ____
parasitic
Tetanus can be spread by accidentally stepping on a rusty nail. This is an example of _____ transmission.
parenteral
At the time of birth, what even provides a comprehensive exposure to microbial life during a natural delivery?
passage through the birth canal
A(n) _____ carrier is no infected, but is contaminated with the infectious agent and spreads it to other hosts
passive
Proper handwashing and aseptic techniques greatly reduce the likelihood of medical professionals serving as ______ carriers
passive
Physical damage to host tissues is referred to as the ______ state or disease
pathologic
The time period during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels and exhibits its greatest toxicity is known as the ______
period of invasion
When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters into the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defenses in the form of white blood cells called _____
phagocytes
The condition in which a toxin is spread throughout the bloodstream from the site of an infection is specifically called______
toxemia
Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly are referred to as _____
transient
Blood can be a portal of exit when vascular puncture occurs by either natural or artificial means
true
True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.
true
True or false: A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organism is called a toxin.
true
True or false: A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes is known as a leukocidin
true
True or false: A toxin that acts on the intestine is called an enterotoxin
true
True or false: An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is called a zoonosis.
true
True or false: Some pathogens must spread from their initial site of entry because their target tissue is a distance from their entry portal
true
True or false: The composition of gut microbiota that colonizes the newborn is usually determined by the method of feeding (bottle or breast fed).
true
The suffix -oma means _____
tumor
An inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is called ______.
vehicle
Adhesions, endotoxin, destructive enzymes, and exotoxins are all examples of ______ factors produced by pathogens.
virulence
The relative capacity if a pathogen to invade and harm host cells, or the degree of pathogenicity is _____
virulence
Spikes are specialized receptors that allow ____ to attach to host tissues
viruses
Most microbiology teaching labs operate at biosafety level ____
1
Place Koch's postulates in the correct order: a. isolate microbe from infected subject and cultivate in pure culture b. inoculate susceptible host with pure culture, observe same disease c. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every instance of a disease. d. reisolate same microbe from subject inoculated with cultured microbe
1. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every instance of a disease. 2. isolate microbe from infected subject and cultivate in pure culture 3. inoculate susceptible host with pure culture, observe same disease 4. reisolate same microbe from subject inoculated with cultured microbe
The four stages of infection from beginning to end are 1)_______period, 2)______ stage, 3)period of _______, and 4)_______period
1. incubation 2. prodromal 3. invasion 4. convalescent
The prevalence of a disease can be calculated as the (total number of cases in population) divided by the (total number of people in population) time (____)
100
Symptoms of the prodromal stage usually include____
a vague feeling of discomfort
The portal of entry for the largest number of pathogens is the _____
respiratory tract
Most of the microbes that live in the water and soil are _____, meaning that they live off of decomposing matter
saprobes
A_____ infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one
secondary
A disease that is transferred from a person to person by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a(n) ______ ______ infection
sexually transmitted
A _____ is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed or measured by an observer
sign
The outer layer of the ____ and scalp is constantly being shed to the environment
skin
Microbes with _____infectious doses are usually more virulent
small
The specific organism or object which an infection is directly acquired is referred to as the _____
source
In the field of epidemiology, the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence, mortality and transmission of infection for a large number of diseases is referred to as______
surveillance
A(n) _____ is subjective evidence of infection and disease as percieved by the patient
symptom
A(n) ______ is a set of signs and symptoms that define a particular disease
syndrome
_____ _____ are dried residues of mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that can contain pathogens and remain airborne for a long time.
Droplet nuclei
_____ is a nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage.
Inflammation
Pathogens that enter through the gastrointestinal tract are adapted to survive ____ and ____
Abrupt pH changes Digestive enzymes
______ refers to the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry though interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors.
Adhesion
______ are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens, whereas droplets are dried microscopic residues ejected from the mouth and nose.
Aerosols
True or false: An exoenzyme is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved int he breakdown of host defensive barriers or damage to host tissues
True
Already existing on or in the body
Endogenous
Originating from a source outside of the body
Exogenous
True or false: Transplacental infection occurs when microbes from the mother enter fetal circulation through the umbilical artery
False
The component of the gram-negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as _______
LPS
_____ is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells
Leukocytosis
______ are toxins that act on the nervous system
Neurotoxins
What is the equation for determining the incidence of a disease?
The number of new cases divided by the number of susceptible persons in the population
_____is the ability of an organism to produce toxins
Toxigenicity
Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissues, usually in the bloodstream? a. AIDS b. A wart c. An infected cut d. A boil e. Typhoid fever
a. AIDS e. Typhoid fever
The iceberg effect refers tot he fact that____
a large number of cases of infection go unreported or unnoticed in a community leading to statistics that can be drastically lower than the truth
Select which statements accurately reflect the current progress of HMP. a. The genetic contribution of the human microbiome is many times greater than that of the human genome b. There is no indication that the composition of the human microbiome is related to the development of any disease c. the HMP has sequenced the microbiota of two individuals, one male, one female d. Normal biota keep pathogens in check so that they rarely cause disease e. The lungs were thought to be sterile, but they contain a sparse but diverse microbiota
a. The genetic contribution of the human microbiome is many times greater than that of the human genome d. Normal biota keep pathogens in check so that they rarely cause disease e. The lungs were thought to be sterile, but they contain a sparse but diverse microbiota
Which two of the following statements regarding virulence factors are correct? a. Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host b. Virulence factors are structures used for attachment to the host c. Pathogens all contain a host of virulence factors that act in concert to cause infection d. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs
a. Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host d. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs
At least 150 zoonoses exist worldwide, including which of the following? a. anthrax b. plague c. polio d. RSV e. rabies f. toxoplasmosis
a. anthrax b. plague e. rabies f. toxoplasmosis
Which of the following represent antiphagocytic strategies used by some pathogens? a. avoiding destruction inside phagocyte b. Secretion of hyaluronidase c. secretion of leukocidins d. secretion of capsule/slime layer e. attachment with fimbriae
a. avoiding destruction inside phagocyte c. secretion of leukocidins d. secretion of capsule/slime layer
Pathogens enter the skin through which means? a. bites of other organisms b. diffusion across the stratum corneum c. breaks in the skin d. digestive enzymes creating passage
a. bites of other organisms c. breaks in the skin d. digestive enzymes creating passage
An opportunistic pathogen_____ a. can cause disease when it is transferred to another site in the body b. only causes disease in immunocompromised individuals c. is a part of the resident biota d. is another term for true pathogen e. usually chooses not to cause disease
a. can cause disease when it is transferred to another site in the body c. is a part of the resident biota
Which of the following organisms are considered opportunistic pathogens? a. candida albicans b. pseudomonos bacteria c. influenza virus d. plasmodium protozoan e. mycobacterium tuberculosis
a. candida albicans b. pseudomonos bacteria
Exoenzymes play which following main roles in the disease process? a. dissolve the host defensive barriers b. inflict damage on tissue c. synthesize bacterial DNA for binary fission d. increase the amount of systemic inflammation
a. dissolve the host defensive barriers b. inflict damage on tissue
Match each type of disease with an example a. emerging disease b. reemerging disease 1. SARS virus 2. tuberculosis
a. emerging disease = 1. SARS virus b. reemerging disease = 2. tuberculosis
______ or septic shock is characterized as by massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in gram-negative infections a. endotoxic b. toxoid c. exotoxic d. hemolytic
a. endotoxic
A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily releases but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n)______ a. endotoxin b. toxoid c. exoenzyme d. exotoxin e. enterotoxins
a. endotoxin
Match each toxin type below with its effect on the human host. a. exotoxins b. endotoxins 1. have systemic effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and shock 2. have effects on a specific cell type
a. exotoxins = 2. have effects on a specific cell type b. endotoxins = 1. have systemic effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and shock
Which two factors determine the virulence of a particular pathogen? a. its ability to cause damage to the host tissues b. the degree of immune system involvement in the infection c. the overall health of the infected person d. the number in the inoculating dose e. its ability to establish itself in the host
a. its ability to cause damage to the host tissues e. its ability to establish itself in the host
Which of the following are signs (not symptoms) of inflammation? a. lymphodenitis b. granulomas c. abscesses d. soreness e. pain f. edema
a. lymphodenitis b. granulomas c. abscesses f. edema
A housefly is an example of a(n) ______ vector a. mechanical b. line c. biological
a. mechanical
Which of the following are symptoms (not signs) of inflammation? a. pain b. abscesses c. soreness d. granulomas e. lymphadenitis
a. pain c. soreness
Which anatomical areas are involved int he entrance of urogenital pathogens? a. penis b. vagina c. cervix d. urethra e. uterus f. ureter
a. penis b. vagina c. cervix d. urethra
To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must: a. produce toxins that destroy tissue b. induce an injurious immune response c. evade immune system responses d. utilize a portal of exit
a. produce toxins that destroy tissue b. induce an injurious immune response
Influenza, which is spread by a communicable infectious agent, results in a _____epidemic a. propagated b. endemic c. point source d. common source
a. propagated
What is the primary determinant of how far an agent travels into the respiratory tract? a. size of the agent b. immune status of the host c. amount of mucus d. depth of breathing e category of organism
a. size of the agent
Match each tissue/ organ with its status regarding our current understanding of its resident microbiota: a. skin and mucus membranes b. bladder and urine c. brain 1. no known microbes, but microbial DNA has been detected 2. believed to harbor some microbes 3. definitively know to harbor microbes
a. skin and mucus membranes = 3. definitively know to harbor microbes b. bladder and urine = 2. believed to harbor some microbes c. brain = 3. definitively know to harbor microbes
The ____ is an exchange organ formed by material and fetal tissues, and represents an effective barrier against most microorganisms in the maternal circulation
placenta
Diseases caused by more than one infectious agent at the same time are referred to as _____diseases
polymicrobial
Some pathogens can only cause disease if they enter through a specific ____ of ____
portal, entry
The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the _____ of _____
portal, entry
The _____ of a disease is the total number of cases in a certain area and time period
prevalence
In a sequence of infections, the first infection that predisposes the patient to further infection is called the _______ infection
primary
Although the exact microbial composition varied among individuals, the HMP found that the collection of _______ made by the normal biota was very stable
proteins
A pathogen is limited to only the host cells that contain a specific _____ molecule for binding to its surface molecules
receptor
By law a ______ disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state, or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.
reportable
In reference to diseases, the naturak host or primary habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its ______
reservoir