Chapter 13 Microbe-Human Interactions: Health and Disease

True or false: Koch's postulates set forth a set of criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease

True

______ is the presence of small numbers of viruses in circulating blood

Viremia

Which bacterial groups typically colonize the newborn within the first 12 hours of birth?

Prevotella, Lactobacilli, Sneathia

In the future, drugs may block which microbial communication process to effectively treat infections?

Quorum sensing

______ ______is a process by which bacteria use chemical signally for communication, and has been found to play a role in establishing an effective microbial attack against a host

Quorum sensing

______ is a systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood

Septicemia

Explain why a microbe must be able to firmly adhere to the host tissues to cause disease

The body has numerous mechanisms for flushing microbes from the tissues, such as coughing

Which two of the following are components of the human holobiont? a. Candida yeast b. ringworms c. rabies virus d. the human body

a. Candida yeast d. the human body

Which of the following are NOT structures by which viruses adhere to their host cells? a. Capsule b. Spikes c. Fimbriae d. Slime layer

a. Capsule c. Fimbriae d. Slime layer

Preliminary results from the HMP show association between the composition of the gut microbiome and which conditions? a. Chrohn's disease b. Asthma c. Heart disease d. Diabetes e. Cancer

a. Chrohn's disease b. Asthma c. Heart disease d. Diabetes

Endotoxins cause a variety of systemic effects including ____ a. Diarrhea b. Inflammation c. Hemorrhage d. Increased blood pressure e. Fatal shock condition f. Fever g. Airway constriction

a. Diarrhea b. Inflammation c. Hemorrhage e. Fatal shock condition f. Fever

Which of the following are common infections of the fetus or neonate that are included int he unified cluster known by the acronym TORCH? a. Herpes b. Rheumatic fever c. Toxoplasmosis d. Other diseases (syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus, AIDS, and chlamydia) e. Rubella f. Cytomegalovirus g. Conjunctivitis

a. Herpes c. Toxoplasmosis d. Other diseases (syphilis, coxsackievirus, varicella-zoster virus, AIDS, and chlamydia) e. Rubella f. Cytomegalovirus

Which of the following are reasons why Koch's postulates are not universally applicable? a. Many human disease lack suitable animal model b. Not all pathogens have genes that confer pathogenicity c. Viruses have a very narrow host range d. Many human infections are polymicrobial

a. Many human disease lack suitable animal model c. Viruses have a very narrow host range d. Many human infections are polymicrobial

Which of the following indicates a relationship in which resident microorganisms prevent the overgrowth of intruder microorganisms when competing for survival in a common environment? a. Microbial antagonism b Microbial commensalism c. Microbial mutualism d. Microbial synergism

a. Microbial antagonism

Which of the following are examples of exoenzymes? a. Mucinase b. LPS c. Hyaluronidase d. Hemolysin e. Keratinase

a. Mucinase c. Hyaluronidase e. Keratinase

In most cases, pathogens leave the host via the portal of exit through: a. sloughing b. adhesion c. discharge d. secretion e. diffusion f. filtration g. excretion

a. sloughing c. discharge d. secretion g. excretion

An infectious disease with occasional new cases reported in random locales at irregular intervals is said to be ____ a. sporadic b. endemic c. pandemic d. epidemic

a. sporadic

Which of the following are examples of exotoxins? a. streptolysin b. coagulase c. collagenase d. keratinase e. kinase f. LPS g. hemolysis

a. streptolysin g. hemolysis

To establish itself in a host, a microbe must: a. survive immune system defenses b. utilize a portal of entry c. be able to adhere to host tissue d. damage and destroy host tissue e. produce toxins and exoenzymes

a. survive immune system defenses b. utilize a portal of entry c. be able to adhere to host tissue

Which two of the following statements are true regarding the human microbiome? a. the human microbiota carries many more genes than the human genome b. healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens, but these are in low abundance c. viruses present in healthy humans infect only the microbiota, not the human cells d. many sites of the human body are sterile, notably the lungs and brain.

a. the human microbiota carries many more genes than the human genome b. healthy people harbor potentially dangerous pathogens, but these are in low abundance

Infections agents can travel to their targets through: a. the lymph b. muscles c. the bloodstream d. thickened mucus e. nerves f. cerebrospinal fluid

a. the lymph c. the bloodstream e. nerves f. cerebrospinal fluid

Which two of the following statements regarding the continuation phase of infection are true? a. this is the fifth stage of infection b. the continuation phase is generally over within a few days c. Not all infections have this phase d. this is the third stage of infection

a. this is the fifth stage of infection c. Not all infections have this phase

Which of the following can serve as reservoirs for pathogens? a. water b. soil c. animals d. humans e. fomites f. food

a. water b. soil c. animals d. humans

A(n)______ is an inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.

abscess

A(n) ______ infection is characterized by rapid onset and short duration

acute

Depending on the microbe, a pathogen can potentially be spread during _____phases of infection and disease

all

The spread of endospores in the US in 2001 was declared an act of bioterrorism when cases of ______ suddenly increased within the human population

anthrax

During an infection, proteins called ______will usually be in the blood as a sign of the host immune response.

antibodies

Any virulence factor that allows a pathogen to avoid a phagocyte is called an ________ factor

antiphagocytic

The majority of vectors are _____

arthropods

A person with an unapparent infection who shoes no symptoms of being infected yet is able to pass the disease on to others is called a(n) _____carrier

asymptomatic

A(n) _____infection is an infection that produces no noticeable symptoms even though the microbe is active in the host tissue

asymptomatic

It is common for infections to produce no noticeable symptoms. Infections of this nature are termed _____, or inapparent

asymptomatic

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a true pathogen? a. Human Immunodeficiency virus b. Candida albicans c. Plasmodium protozoan d. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

b. Candida albicans-it is opportunistic

Which of the following microbes are most commonly the causative agent in healthcare-associated infections? a. Hepatitis B viruses b. Gram-negative intestinal biota c. Acid-fast mycobacterium d. Gram-positive cocci

b. Gram-negative intestinal biota

Which of the following statements regarding microbes and human breast milk are correct? a. Human breast milk is sterile b. Human breast milk contains around 600 species of bacteria c. Carbohydrates in human milk are used by the baby's gut microbes d. Human milk contains many sugars that the baby digest easily

b. Human breast milk contains around 600 species of bacteria c. Carbohydrates in human milk are used by the baby's gut microbes

Mechanical vectors do NOT transmit infectious agents by____ a. contaminated vehicle b. aerosol formation c. direct contact d. food

b. aerosol formation

An individual who shelters an infectious agent long after recover is called a(n) _____ carrier. a. incubation b. chronic c. passive d. asymptomatic e. convalescent

b. chronic

Mechanical vectors transmit the infectious agent by _____ a. biting the host b. direct contact c. food d. contaminated vehicle

b. direct contact c. food d. contaminated vehicle

Toxinoses are _____ a. especially deadly toxic substances produces by parasites b. diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms c. a third class of toxins, along with endotoxins and exotoxins

b. diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms

In what ways do exotoxins usuall affect host cells? a. Digesting intracellular fibers b. disrupting intracellular function c. causing lysis of cell d. dissolving the cell cement e. damaging the cell membrane

b. disrupting intracellular function c. causing lysis of cell e. damaging the cell membrane

Pathogens can use ____ mechanisms to change the host DNA, for example, to change patterns of transcription by the process of methylation a. pathogenic b. epigenetic c. mutagenic d. enzymatic

b. epigenetic

The pathogen can indirectly damage its host by _____ a. the secretion of toxins b. inducing excessive immune responses c. the secretion of exoenzymes

b. inducing excessive immune responses

A(n) _____ is a general term for the site of infection or disease a. infection b. lesion c. disease d. sequela

b. lesion

Food is usually contaminated by which of the following sources? a. aerosols b. mechanical vector c. soil d. handler e. biological vector

b. mechanical vector c. soil d. handler

The phenomenon of microbial antagonism can be explained by a. certain normal biota directly kill other species by phagocytosis b. normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species c. the immune system only recognizes certain species for destruction d. there is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body

b. normal biota members change the chemical environment making it hostile to other species d. there is limited space for occupation in or on certain areas of the human body

Which are common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections? a. contaminated food b. resident biota infections c. fomite transmission d. infections of damaged tissue

b. resident biota infections c. fomite transmission d. infections of damaged tissue

Which of the following are the three most common sites for healthcare-associated infections? a. bloodstream b. surgical sites c. central nervous system d. urinary tract e. skin f. respiratory tract

b. surgical sites d. urinary tract f. respiratory tract

The presence of viable, but not necessarily multiplying, bacteria in circulating blood is referred to as ____

bacteremia

A(n) ______ vector is an animal that not only transports an infectious agent from one host to another but plays a role in the life cycle of the pathogen

biological

Put the stages of infection in order starting with the first stage at the top: a. Prodrome b. Convalescent period c. Incubation period d. Acute period

c. Incubation period a. Prodrome d. Acute period b. Convalescent period

Which of the following are common causative agents of STIs? a. Hepatitis A virus b. Streptococcus pyogenes c. Neisseria gonorrhoeae d. HIV e. Trichomonas f. Candida albicans g. Hepatitis B virus h. Shigella

c. Neisseria gonorrhoeae d. HIV e. Trichomonas f. Candida albicans g. Hepatitis B virus

Which of the following statements regarding gut microbes is correct? a. There are only 8-10 species of fungus in the human gut b. the gut microbiota is compromised of bacteria and their viruses only c. There are at least 100 types of fungus in the human gut

c. There are at least 100 types of fungus in the human gut

An infectious disease with a prevalence greater than expected for a population is said to be ____ a. sporadic b. endemic c. an epidemic d. a pandemic

c. an epidemic

_______can be characterized as any deviation from the healthy state a. pathology b. inflammation c. disease d. infection

c. disease

Which of the following is the substance referred to as endotoxin a. Hemolysis b. coagulase c. lipolysaccharide d. collagenase e. streptolysin f. staphylokinase

c. lipolysaccharide

Which of the following statements regarding microbial changes in a developing fetus are true? a. the uterus and its contents (baby and placenta) are sterile until vaginal delivery. b. microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby through the placenta c. microbes that promote healthy skin in a newborn are transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina d. microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina

c. microbes that promote healthy skin in a newborn are transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina d. microbes that promote the digestion of milk may be transferred to the baby as it passes through the vagina

Which forms of disease are not considered by epidemiology? a. psychological diseases b. communicable disease c. no forms of disease are ignored d. noncommunicable disease e. drug addictions

c. no forms of disease are ignored

Which of the following are white blood cells that are capable of engulfing other cells and particles? a. pathogens b. eosinophils c. phagocytes d. erythrocytes

c. phagocytes

Epigenetic changes to host cells by infecting microbes can result from binding of microbial product to which two of the following? a. ribosomal RNA b. lipopolysaccharide c. small RNAs d. histones

c. small RNAs d. histones

A ______ is an individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and can spread it to others without knowing

carrier

An infection that persists over a long duration is referred to as a ______ infection.

chronic

Normal biota generally exist in either a _______ or _________ association with their hosts

commensal, mutual

A(n) _____vehicle is a single material that serves as the course of infection for many individuals, such as a contaminated water source

common

The infectious dose of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causeative agent of the sexually-transmitted infection gonorrhea is 10000. this means_____

contact with fewer than 1000 cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae is not likely to result in a disease state

A disease that is highly communicable, especially through direct contact, is referred to as ______

contagious

A ______carrier continues to be infectious during the recovery period

convalescent

During the ____ period, because their symptoms are declining as they are recovering, many patients stop taking their antibiotics

convalescent

The type of transmission that involves air as a vehicle is droplet nuclei that are transmitted by _____ and _____

coughing, sneezing

Which is not a portal of entry? a. Gastrointestinal tract b. Urogenital tract c. Respiratory system d. Circulatory system e. Skin

d. Circulatory system

Of the following. the two that are most likely examples of endogenous infections are _____ and ______ a. and HIV infection from unprotected sex b. a measles infection from contact with a contagious individual c. a Staphyococcus infection from consuming contaminated food d. a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin e. a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle

d. a Micrococcus infection resulting from a cut to the skin e. a Staphylococcus infection of a hair follicle

Which of the following structures are used by bacteria, fungi, and protozoans to adhere to their host? a. lysosomes b. flagella c. actin skeleton d. fimbrae e. capsule f. spike g. surface proteins h. slime layer

d. fimbrae e. capsule g. surface proteins h. slime layer

A(n) ______carrier actually spreads infectious agents during the period immediately prior to the appearance of symptoms a. chronic b. convalescent c. asymptomatic d. incubation e. passive

d. incubation

Historically, scientists described the human "normal microbiota" as those organisms that could be cultured from the human body. This represents a significant underestimate because_____ a. it is unethical to use human tissue for culturing microbes b. bacteria can be counted easily, but fungi are more problematic c. many microbes are resident only on a small portion of the population d. many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory

d. many microbes cannot be cultured in the laboratory

Some disease leave ____ in the form of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs after the course of the infection a. symptoms b. granular tissue c. signs d. sequelae

d. sequelae

Which of the following are examples of localized infections? a. scarlet fever b. measles c. chickenpox d. warts e. anthrax f. boils e. tineas

d. warts f. boils e. tineas (ringworm)

Agents that cannot survive outside of the host for long periods of time must be transmitted by _____ transmission

direct

If an agent is transferred from an infected person to another person without an intermediate object, substance or space, it is said to be _____ transmission.

direct

Which of the following exoenzymes is responsible for clotting the blood or plasma? a. Streptokinase b. collagenase c. keratinase d. micinase e. coagulase f. hyaluronidase

e. coagulase

Beginning with growth of the pathogen at the top, place the events in order that can lead to a rapid exit of the pathogen. a. inflammation results b. motility (irritability) of the bowel increases c. fluid stool provides rapid exit for pathogen d. increased peristalsis results in diarrhea e. intestinal pathogens grow in intestinal mucosa

e. intestinal pathogens grow in intestinal mucosa a. inflammation results b. motility (irritability) of the bowel increases c. fluid stool provides rapid exit for pathogen d. increased peristalsis results in diarrhea

The accumulation of excess fluids in afflicted tissues and serous cavities is called _____.

edema

An ____ infectious disease is one that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period in a particular geographic location.

endemic

The study of the frequency and distribition of disease and otherhealth-related factors in human populations is called_____

epidemiology

The microbe that causes an infection or disease is most commonly referred to as the _____, or causative agent

etiologic

A toxin that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular target is called a(n)______

exotoxin

Which is not a common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections? a. direct contact with persons b. aerosol transmission c. resident biota infections d. infections of damaged tissue e.. fomite transmission f. contaminated food

f. contaminated food

Droplets are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens.

false

True or false: Normal biota can benefit the human host by making a majority of the nutrients needed in human metabolism

false

A person with feces on their hands handles food and transmits it to another person through ingestion of the contaminated food. This is referred to as _____-_______ route

fecal-oral

The short appendages on some pathogenic bacteria that provides adhesion to host cells are called

fimbriae

In cases like tuberculosis and streptococcal pharyngitis, the infection agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues, resulting in a ______ infection

focal

Any inanimate object that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease when contacted by an infected individual is called a(n)

fomite

Different healthy individuals exhibit widely varying responses to the same microorganism due to ______ differences that influence their first, second, and/or third line immune defenses

genetic

An infection that develops while being treated at a hospital or medical facility is called a(n)_____ infection

healthcare-associated

A number of _______ worms release cysts and eggs through the feces

helminth

A(n) ______ is any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells and causing the release of hemoglobin.

hemolysin

A human plus all of its resident microbiota is a(n) _____

holobiont

Humans with compromised _____ systems can more easily experience disease caused by normal biota

immune

The number of new cases of a disease occurring during a period is referred to as the _____ of the disease

incidence

alpha hemolysis

incomplete lysis of red blood cells

The time period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms is known as the _____

incubation period

The term_____ case is used to refer to the first patient found in an epidemiological investigation, although this individual may not be the first case of the infection in the outbreak

index

Transmission of infectious agents from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material is considered to be _____transmission

indirect

The invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the human host is referred to as a(n) ______

infection

The pathogenic state involving the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as a(n) ______ disease

infectious

The pathologic state involving the disruption and destruction of tissues by microbes is referred to as a(n) _____ disease

infectious

Poisoning that results from the introduction of a toxin into body tissues through ingestion or injection is called _____

intoxication

The exoenzyme that digests the main protein component in skin and hair is called

keratinase

Certain pathogens that infect the ____are discharged out of the body in the urine that these organs create

kidneys

When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as _____

latency

Species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus produce_____, substances that are toxic to white blood cells, including phagocytes

leukocidins

A lower-than-normal white blood cell count is know as _______

leukopenia

A(n) ______ infection occurs when a microbe enters a specific tissue, infects it, and remains confined there.

localized

Swelling of one or more lymph nodes is referred to as _______

lymphadenitis

The implementation of _____asepsis practices, such as handwashing, and _____asepsis, such as the use of sterile garments for nurses and doctors, have helped to lower the incidence of HAIs in many hospitals.

medical, surgical

An infectious dose is the ______

minimum number of microbial cells required to cause an infection.

A(n) _____ infection occurs when several infectious agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

mixed

The ______rate is the number of persons afflicted with a certain illness

morbidity

The correct epidemiological term for the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular disease is the _______rate

mortality

LPS is found in the outer membrane of Gram-__________ cells

negative

A(n) _____disease is an infectious disease that does not arise from host to host transmission

noncommunicable

Lipopolysaccharide is located in the ______ ______ of the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria.

outer membrane

It is a concern that avian flu could become a _____ with cases spread around multiple continents

pandemic

The relationship between a pathogen and its host is best described as ____

parasitic

Tetanus can be spread by accidentally stepping on a rusty nail. This is an example of _____ transmission.

parenteral

At the time of birth, what even provides a comprehensive exposure to microbial life during a natural delivery?

passage through the birth canal

A(n) _____ carrier is no infected, but is contaminated with the infectious agent and spreads it to other hosts

passive

Proper handwashing and aseptic techniques greatly reduce the likelihood of medical professionals serving as ______ carriers

passive

Physical damage to host tissues is referred to as the ______ state or disease

pathologic

The time period during a clinical infection when the infectious agent multiplies at high levels and exhibits its greatest toxicity is known as the ______

period of invasion

When a microbe that is not part of the normal biota enters into the body, it is likely to first encounter which type of host defenses in the form of white blood cells called _____

phagocytes

The condition in which a toxin is spread throughout the bloodstream from the site of an infection is specifically called______

toxemia

Microbes that do not colonize the human host, but instead are lost rapidly are referred to as _____

transient

Blood can be a portal of exit when vascular puncture occurs by either natural or artificial means

true

True or false: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.

true

True or false: A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organism is called a toxin.

true

True or false: A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes is known as a leukocidin

true

True or false: A toxin that acts on the intestine is called an enterotoxin

true

True or false: An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is called a zoonosis.

true

True or false: Some pathogens must spread from their initial site of entry because their target tissue is a distance from their entry portal

true

True or false: The composition of gut microbiota that colonizes the newborn is usually determined by the method of feeding (bottle or breast fed).

true

The suffix -oma means _____

tumor

An inanimate material (solid object, liquid, or air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is called ______.

vehicle

Adhesions, endotoxin, destructive enzymes, and exotoxins are all examples of ______ factors produced by pathogens.

virulence

The relative capacity if a pathogen to invade and harm host cells, or the degree of pathogenicity is _____

virulence

Spikes are specialized receptors that allow ____ to attach to host tissues

viruses

Most microbiology teaching labs operate at biosafety level ____

1

Place Koch's postulates in the correct order: a. isolate microbe from infected subject and cultivate in pure culture b. inoculate susceptible host with pure culture, observe same disease c. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every instance of a disease. d. reisolate same microbe from subject inoculated with cultured microbe

1. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every instance of a disease. 2. isolate microbe from infected subject and cultivate in pure culture 3. inoculate susceptible host with pure culture, observe same disease 4. reisolate same microbe from subject inoculated with cultured microbe

The four stages of infection from beginning to end are 1)_______period, 2)______ stage, 3)period of _______, and 4)_______period

1. incubation 2. prodromal 3. invasion 4. convalescent

The prevalence of a disease can be calculated as the (total number of cases in population) divided by the (total number of people in population) time (____)

100

Symptoms of the prodromal stage usually include____

a vague feeling of discomfort

The portal of entry for the largest number of pathogens is the _____

respiratory tract

Most of the microbes that live in the water and soil are _____, meaning that they live off of decomposing matter

saprobes

A_____ infection is an infection that occurs as a complication of a pre-existing one

secondary

A disease that is transferred from a person to person by sexual or intimate contact is referred to as a(n) ______ ______ infection

sexually transmitted

A _____ is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed or measured by an observer

sign

The outer layer of the ____ and scalp is constantly being shed to the environment

skin

Microbes with _____infectious doses are usually more virulent

small

The specific organism or object which an infection is directly acquired is referred to as the _____

source

In the field of epidemiology, the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence, mortality and transmission of infection for a large number of diseases is referred to as______

surveillance

A(n) _____ is subjective evidence of infection and disease as percieved by the patient

symptom

A(n) ______ is a set of signs and symptoms that define a particular disease

syndrome

_____ _____ are dried residues of mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that can contain pathogens and remain airborne for a long time.

Droplet nuclei

_____ is a nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage.

Inflammation

Pathogens that enter through the gastrointestinal tract are adapted to survive ____ and ____

Abrupt pH changes Digestive enzymes

______ refers to the process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry though interaction of their molecules with host cell receptors.

Adhesion

______ are suspensions of fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens, whereas droplets are dried microscopic residues ejected from the mouth and nose.

Aerosols

True or false: An exoenzyme is an extracellular enzyme that may be involved int he breakdown of host defensive barriers or damage to host tissues

True

Already existing on or in the body

Endogenous

Originating from a source outside of the body

Exogenous

True or false: Transplacental infection occurs when microbes from the mother enter fetal circulation through the umbilical artery

False

The component of the gram-negative outer membrane called endotoxin is also known as _______

LPS

_____ is an increase in the number of circulating white blood cells

Leukocytosis

______ are toxins that act on the nervous system

Neurotoxins

What is the equation for determining the incidence of a disease?

The number of new cases divided by the number of susceptible persons in the population

_____is the ability of an organism to produce toxins

Toxigenicity

Which of the following are examples of systemic infections, or those that spread to several sites and tissues, usually in the bloodstream? a. AIDS b. A wart c. An infected cut d. A boil e. Typhoid fever

a. AIDS e. Typhoid fever

The iceberg effect refers tot he fact that____

a large number of cases of infection go unreported or unnoticed in a community leading to statistics that can be drastically lower than the truth

Select which statements accurately reflect the current progress of HMP. a. The genetic contribution of the human microbiome is many times greater than that of the human genome b. There is no indication that the composition of the human microbiome is related to the development of any disease c. the HMP has sequenced the microbiota of two individuals, one male, one female d. Normal biota keep pathogens in check so that they rarely cause disease e. The lungs were thought to be sterile, but they contain a sparse but diverse microbiota

a. The genetic contribution of the human microbiome is many times greater than that of the human genome d. Normal biota keep pathogens in check so that they rarely cause disease e. The lungs were thought to be sterile, but they contain a sparse but diverse microbiota

Which two of the following statements regarding virulence factors are correct? a. Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host b. Virulence factors are structures used for attachment to the host c. Pathogens all contain a host of virulence factors that act in concert to cause infection d. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs

a. Virulence factors are microbial adaptations used to invade and establish in the host d. Virulence factors determine the degree of tissue damage that occurs

At least 150 zoonoses exist worldwide, including which of the following? a. anthrax b. plague c. polio d. RSV e. rabies f. toxoplasmosis

a. anthrax b. plague e. rabies f. toxoplasmosis

Which of the following represent antiphagocytic strategies used by some pathogens? a. avoiding destruction inside phagocyte b. Secretion of hyaluronidase c. secretion of leukocidins d. secretion of capsule/slime layer e. attachment with fimbriae

a. avoiding destruction inside phagocyte c. secretion of leukocidins d. secretion of capsule/slime layer

Pathogens enter the skin through which means? a. bites of other organisms b. diffusion across the stratum corneum c. breaks in the skin d. digestive enzymes creating passage

a. bites of other organisms c. breaks in the skin d. digestive enzymes creating passage

An opportunistic pathogen_____ a. can cause disease when it is transferred to another site in the body b. only causes disease in immunocompromised individuals c. is a part of the resident biota d. is another term for true pathogen e. usually chooses not to cause disease

a. can cause disease when it is transferred to another site in the body c. is a part of the resident biota

Which of the following organisms are considered opportunistic pathogens? a. candida albicans b. pseudomonos bacteria c. influenza virus d. plasmodium protozoan e. mycobacterium tuberculosis

a. candida albicans b. pseudomonos bacteria

Exoenzymes play which following main roles in the disease process? a. dissolve the host defensive barriers b. inflict damage on tissue c. synthesize bacterial DNA for binary fission d. increase the amount of systemic inflammation

a. dissolve the host defensive barriers b. inflict damage on tissue

Match each type of disease with an example a. emerging disease b. reemerging disease 1. SARS virus 2. tuberculosis

a. emerging disease = 1. SARS virus b. reemerging disease = 2. tuberculosis

______ or septic shock is characterized as by massive drop in blood pressure that can result from the release of LPS in gram-negative infections a. endotoxic b. toxoid c. exotoxic d. hemolytic

a. endotoxic

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily releases but instead is an integral part of gram-negative cell walls is called a(n)______ a. endotoxin b. toxoid c. exoenzyme d. exotoxin e. enterotoxins

a. endotoxin

Match each toxin type below with its effect on the human host. a. exotoxins b. endotoxins 1. have systemic effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and shock 2. have effects on a specific cell type

a. exotoxins = 2. have effects on a specific cell type b. endotoxins = 1. have systemic effects such as fever, inflammation, diarrhea, and shock

Which two factors determine the virulence of a particular pathogen? a. its ability to cause damage to the host tissues b. the degree of immune system involvement in the infection c. the overall health of the infected person d. the number in the inoculating dose e. its ability to establish itself in the host

a. its ability to cause damage to the host tissues e. its ability to establish itself in the host

Which of the following are signs (not symptoms) of inflammation? a. lymphodenitis b. granulomas c. abscesses d. soreness e. pain f. edema

a. lymphodenitis b. granulomas c. abscesses f. edema

A housefly is an example of a(n) ______ vector a. mechanical b. line c. biological

a. mechanical

Which of the following are symptoms (not signs) of inflammation? a. pain b. abscesses c. soreness d. granulomas e. lymphadenitis

a. pain c. soreness

Which anatomical areas are involved int he entrance of urogenital pathogens? a. penis b. vagina c. cervix d. urethra e. uterus f. ureter

a. penis b. vagina c. cervix d. urethra

To cause actual damage to a host, a microbe must: a. produce toxins that destroy tissue b. induce an injurious immune response c. evade immune system responses d. utilize a portal of exit

a. produce toxins that destroy tissue b. induce an injurious immune response

Influenza, which is spread by a communicable infectious agent, results in a _____epidemic a. propagated b. endemic c. point source d. common source

a. propagated

What is the primary determinant of how far an agent travels into the respiratory tract? a. size of the agent b. immune status of the host c. amount of mucus d. depth of breathing e category of organism

a. size of the agent

Match each tissue/ organ with its status regarding our current understanding of its resident microbiota: a. skin and mucus membranes b. bladder and urine c. brain 1. no known microbes, but microbial DNA has been detected 2. believed to harbor some microbes 3. definitively know to harbor microbes

a. skin and mucus membranes = 3. definitively know to harbor microbes b. bladder and urine = 2. believed to harbor some microbes c. brain = 3. definitively know to harbor microbes

The ____ is an exchange organ formed by material and fetal tissues, and represents an effective barrier against most microorganisms in the maternal circulation

placenta

Diseases caused by more than one infectious agent at the same time are referred to as _____diseases

polymicrobial

Some pathogens can only cause disease if they enter through a specific ____ of ____

portal, entry

The route a pathogen uses to get into the human host is called the _____ of _____

portal, entry

The _____ of a disease is the total number of cases in a certain area and time period

prevalence

In a sequence of infections, the first infection that predisposes the patient to further infection is called the _______ infection

primary

Although the exact microbial composition varied among individuals, the HMP found that the collection of _______ made by the normal biota was very stable

proteins

A pathogen is limited to only the host cells that contain a specific _____ molecule for binding to its surface molecules

receptor

By law a ______ disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state, or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.

reportable

In reference to diseases, the naturak host or primary habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its ______

reservoir