Chapter 13 - Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection & Disease - Part 2

It is a concern that avian flu could become a(n) _____ with cases spread across multiple continents.

Pandemic

A person who mechanically transfers a pathogen without every being infected by it is called a(n) _____ carrier.

Passive

The time period during a clinical infect when the infectious agent multiples at high levels and obvious signs an symptoms are present is known as the _____.

Period of invasion

A(n) ______ infection occurs when microbes cooperate in breaking down a tissue or one microbe creates an environment that enables another microbe to invade.

Polymicrobial

Disease _____ is the total number of cases of a particular disease within the entire population.

Prevalence

The total number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period is referred to as the _____.

Prevalence

The short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the incubation period of an infection is the _____ stage.

Prodromal

To cause actual damage to a host, what must a microbe be able to do?

Produce toxins that destroy tissue Induce an injurious immune response

A _____ is the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen comes.

Reservoir

In reference to diseases, the natural host or primary habitat of a pathogen is referred to as its _____.

Reservoir

A(n) _____ infection is an infection that compounds a pre-existing one.

Secondary

_____ is/are long-term or permeant damage to tissue or organs resulting from a disease.

Sequelae

A(n) _____ is any objective evidence of a disease that can be observed or measured by an observer.

Sign

Any abnormality uncovered upon physical examination or diagnosis that indicated the presence of disease is referred to as a(n) _____.

Sign

A(n) _____ is an objective assessment of disease, as opposed to a(n) _____, which is the subjective assessment perceived by the patient.

Sign Symptom

In most cases, pathogens leave the host via what?

Sloughing Secretion Discharge Excretion

Respiratory pathogens can exit the body most effectively by what means?

Sneezing Coughing

The specific organism or object from which an infection is directly acquired is referred to as the _____.

Source

An infectious disease with occasional new cases reported in random locals at irregular intervals is said to be _____.

Sporadic

In the field of epidemiology, the collection and analysis of data on the occurrence, mortality and transmission of infection for a large number of diseases is referred to as _____.

Surveillance

The collection an keeping of data for a large number of diseases seen by the medical community and reportable to public health authorities is called _____.

Surveillance

A(n) _____ is subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient.

Symptom

The collection of signs and symptoms that when seen together indicate a particular disease is referred to as a(n) _____.

Syndrome

What pathogens compose the acronym for STORCH?

Syphilis Toxoplasmosis Rubella Cytomegalovirus

An infection that invades many compartments and organs via the circulation is referred to as a(n) _____ infection.

Systemic

How do biological vectors transmit the infectious agent?

Touching the host Aerosol formation Biting the host

_____ is a type of toxinosis in which a toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection.

Toxemia

_____ are diseases caused by toxins produced by other organisms.

Toxinoses

Microbes that occupy the human body for only short periods are called _____.

Transients

Organisms that can cause disease in healthy people with normal immune defenses are known as _____ pathogens.

True

True or False?: A disease is considered communicable when the infectious agent can be transmitted from infected host to new host and establish infection in that host.

True

True or False?: An infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans is called a zoonosis.

True

True or False?: Humans are dead-end host in zoonotic infections.

True

What anatomical areas are involved in the entrance of urogenital pathogens?

Urethra Vagina Penis Cervix

The most common sites for nosocomial infections are the _____ tract and the reparatory tract.

Urinary

The main portals of entry include...

Urogenital tract Respiratory tract Skin Gastrointestinal tract

An animal that transmits infectious agents form one host to another is called a(n) _____.

Vector

An inanimate material (solid object, liquid, air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is called a(n) _____.

Vehicle

The general term for an inanimate material )solid object, liquid, air) that serves as a transmission agent for pathogens is a(n) _____.

Vehicle

Name some examples of direct transmission.

Vertical transmission Sexual intercourse Biological vector bites Droplet contact

The _____ of a particular microbe is determined by its ability to establish itself in the host and cause damage.

Virulence

List the four stages of infection from beginning to end.

1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal stage 3. Period of invasion 4. Convalescent period

A(n) _____ is an inflamed, fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus.

Abscess

A(n) _____ infection is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration.

Acute

What types of transmission involve air as the vehicle?

Aerosols Droplet nuclei

Microbial _____ is the relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism.

Antagonism

The majority of vectors are _____ (type of organisms).

Arthropods

An individual who has been infected and are apparently healthy but continue to spread infection are known as _____ carriers.

Asymptomatic

When a medical examiner cannot detect any signs of disease, however, the pathogen is actually present, this is typically called a(n) _____ infection.

Asymptomatic

_____ is the presence of viable, but not necessarily multiplying, bacteria in circulating blood.

Bacteremia

Helminths gain access to unbroken skin through _____, while other organisms are transmitted through insect or animal _____.

Burrowing Bites

What are some ways infectious agents can gain access to unbroken skin?

Burrowing into the skin Digestive enzymes Bites of insects and animals

In what ways do exotoxins usually affect host cells?

Causing lysis of cell Disrupting intracellular function Damaging the cell membrane

A(n) _____ infection is characterized as an infection that progresses and persists over a long period of time.

Chronic

The three types of carriers that are infectious during the period before or after they have been infected with the disease are called _____ carriers, _____ carriers, and _____ carriers.

Chronic Incubation Convalescent

A(n) _____ disease is very communicable, mainly through direct contact.

Contagious

In what ways are mechanical vectors able to transmit the infectious agent?

Contaminated vehicle Direct contact

The _____ is the time period where a patient is recovering from an infection.

Convalescent period

What factors increase the likelihood of healthcare-associated infections?

Devices that remain in the patient Number of drug-resistant organisms Reusable treatment devices Immunocompromised population

What are some common means by which patients acquire healthcare-associated infections?

Direct contact with persons Fomite transmission Infections of damaged tissue Aerosol transmission Resident biota infections

Many resident microbiota have the potential to cause _____ when presented with the right environmental conditions.

Disease

The national government agency in charge of keeping track of infectious diseases is called the Center of _____ _____ and Prevention.

Disease Control

_____ are suspensions of the fine dust or moisture in the air that contain live pathogens, whereas droplets are dried microscopic residues ejected from the mouth and nose.

Droplet nuclei

__________ are dried residues of mucus and saliva sprayed while sneezing and coughing that can contain a bacterium and remain airborne for a long time.

Droplet nuclei

The accumulation of excess fluid in cells, tissues, or serous cavities is called _____.

Edema

An infectious disease that has a steady frequency in a particular geographical location over a long period of time is referred to as _____ to that region.

Endemic

An infectious disease with a prevalence greater than expected for a population is said to be _____.

Epidemic

The study of the frequency and distribution of disease and other health-related factor in human populations is called _____.

Epidemiology

True or False?: Medical asepsis involves the disinfection of operating room air and sterilization of instruments and personnel clothing.

False

When an infectious agent breaks loose from a localized infection and is carried by the circulation to another tissue, a(n) _____ infection occurs.

Focal

Any inanimate object that can serve as a vehicle for the spread of disease when contacted by an infected individual is called a(n) _____.

Fomite

A(n) _____ is a solid mass or nodule of inflamed tissue.

Granuloma

Food is usually contaminated by what sources?

Handler Soil Mechanical vector

Infectious diseases that are acquired or develop while being treated in a hospital or medical facility are called _____ infections.

Healthcare-associated or Nosocomial

What diseases are caused by agents that exit through the skin?

Herpes simplex Syphilis Warts Smallpox Tineas Boils

Tissue damage is often indirectly caused by an _____ host response to microbes.

Inappropriate

What type of carriers have had or will have the disease but do not at the time of transmission?

Incubation carriers Chronic carriers Convalescent carriers

What types of carriers have had or will have the disease but do NOT at the time of transmission?

Incubation carriers Chronic carriers Convalescent carriers

What types of carriers have had or will have the disease but do not at the time of transmission?

Incubation carriers Convalescent carriers Chronic carriers

The time period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms is known as the _____.

Incubation period

Transmission of infectious agents from host to host with the involvement of an intermediate inanimate material is considered to be _____ transmission.

Indirect

The majority of microbial diseases are the result of what?

Indirect damage due to the host's excessive or inappropriate response

The invasion and multiplication of a pathogen in the human host is referred to as a(n) _____.

Infection

Any damage or toxicity to the body cause by a pathogen is known as _____ disease.

Infectious

Bottle- or breastfeeding determines the initial composition of the _____ microbiota.

Intestinal

Ingestion of a bacterial toxin causes toxinosis known as _____.

Intoxication

What two factors determine the virulence of a particular pathogen?

Its ability to cause damage to the host tissues Its ability to establish itself in the host

Even a weakly pathogenic species can become more virulent with a _____ inoculum.

Large

When a virus persists inside the host in an inactive state, this is specifically referred to as _____.

Latency

A substance formed by some pathogens that impairs and sometimes lyses leukocytes is known as a(n) ______.

Leukocidin

_____ is the inflammation of one or more lymph nodes.

Lymphadenitis

A person harboring a persistent infectious agent __________ shed the agent during the latent stage.

May or may not

An animal that transports an infectious agent but is not infected by it is known as a(n) _____ vector.

Mechanical

_____ asepsis involved practices that lower the microbial load in patients, workers, and the hospital environment.

Medical

When several different pathogens interact simultaneously a(n) _____ infection occurs.

Mixed

The correct epidemiological term for the number of persons who have died as the result of a particular disease is the _____ rate.

Mortality

Microbes are easily transferred between the sinuses, ears, and upper respiratory tract because they are interconnected by a continuous _____ membrane lining.

Mucous

_____ is defined as the death and disintegration of cells and tissues.

Necrosis

A(n) _____ disease is an infectious disease that does not arise form host to host transmission.

Noncommunicable

By law, a(n) _____ disease must be brought to the attention of local, district, state, or national agencies by medical personnel aware of the condition.

Notifiable