Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders
Depression
A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness
Withdrawal
After an entire day without alcohol, Selena is sweaty and shaking. Selena's symptoms BEST reflect _____.
Depressants
Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. They belong to the category of psychoactive drugs called _____.
Statistically Irregular
Anything outside of the range of "normal" or "average"
PTSD
Bradley served two tours of duty during the war in Iraq. Since his return home, however, Bradley finds himself reliving many of his experiences from his time in the Armed Forces. Sometimes he swears he smells gun fire and feels the terror of being shot at. Bradley is MOST likely suffering flashbacks associated with ______.
role of Classical Conditioning in Phobias
CS-US pairing occurs based on personal experience or information
Disorders
Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior
Major Depressive Disorder
Continued sadness with or without known cause
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)
Dimensional "checklist" for diagnosis of disorders taking into account the severity and frequency of symptoms
Psychopathology
Disorder of the mind (not brain)
Hallucinogens
Drugs that distort perceptions
Stimulants
Drugs that increase neural activity and speed up body functions
Depressants
Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
Diathesis-Stress Model
Explains the probability of development of symptoms as a result of the gene-environment interaction
Maladaptive/Dysfunctional
Getting in the way of survival
Inhibiting Daily Functioning/ Disruptive
Interfering with what you want or need to do
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Kyle is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. His behavior BEST illustrates _____.
Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopathic/Psychopathic)
Lack of empathy and conscience for wrongdoing toward others, Low emotional intelligence, Little physiological arousal from shock
Generalized Anxiety
Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore MOST likely suffers from ____________ disorder.
Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder is characterized by signs such as lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must last for two or more weeks.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Mis-regulation of personality characteristics, person exhibits two or more distinct personalities
Former name of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Multiple Personality Disorder
Appraisal in Depression
Outlook on situations or consequences of your depressed mood
Stable-Global Internal Appraisal
Stable = seen as affecting for a long time or permanently Global = seen as affecting in many different context or situations Internal = seen as entirely due to you and who you are - your fault (internal locus of control) RESULT = DEPRESSION
Epigenetics
Study of the gene-environment interaction
Temporary Specific External Appraisal
Temporary = seen as affecting in just the current instance or momentarily Specific = seen as affecting just the current context or situation External = seen as possibly due (at least in part) to the situation rather than yourself RESULT = SUCCESSFUL COPING
role of Classical Conditioning In PTSD
Thoughts/anxiety caused by CS that was paired with US trauma
Genetic Predisposition
Traits coding for tendencies toward behavioral/mental characteristics
Stimulants
Unlike depressants, which decrease brain activity, _____ increase brain activity.
Diathesis
Vulnerability to a disorder
OCD
Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.
Schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Tolerance
a dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect
Disorders of Thought
a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality
Mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common
Panic Disorder
brief terrifying periods of intense anxiety, often with chest pain or choking
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
characterized by symptoms of unexplained and continually tense and uneasy feelings
Addictive Behavior and Substance Abuse Disorder
disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.
Hallucinations
false sensory perceptions
Delusions
further held beliefs about reality based on false perceptions
Phobias
persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
Anxiety Disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
Withdrawal
the discomfort and distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behavior
Bipolar Disorder
uncontrollable fluctuations in mood
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions