Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

Depression

A prolonged feeling of helplessness, hopelessness, and sadness

Withdrawal

After an entire day without alcohol, Selena is sweaty and shaking. Selena's symptoms BEST reflect _____.

Depressants

Alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates calm neural activity and slow body functions. They belong to the category of psychoactive drugs called _____.

Statistically Irregular

Anything outside of the range of "normal" or "average"

PTSD

Bradley served two tours of duty during the war in Iraq. Since his return home, however, Bradley finds himself reliving many of his experiences from his time in the Armed Forces. Sometimes he swears he smells gun fire and feels the terror of being shot at. Bradley is MOST likely suffering flashbacks associated with ______.

role of Classical Conditioning in Phobias

CS-US pairing occurs based on personal experience or information

Disorders

Clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion, or behavior

Major Depressive Disorder

Continued sadness with or without known cause

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V)

Dimensional "checklist" for diagnosis of disorders taking into account the severity and frequency of symptoms

Psychopathology

Disorder of the mind (not brain)

Hallucinogens

Drugs that distort perceptions

Stimulants

Drugs that increase neural activity and speed up body functions

Depressants

Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Diathesis-Stress Model

Explains the probability of development of symptoms as a result of the gene-environment interaction

Maladaptive/Dysfunctional

Getting in the way of survival

Inhibiting Daily Functioning/ Disruptive

Interfering with what you want or need to do

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Kyle is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. His behavior BEST illustrates _____.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (Sociopathic/Psychopathic)

Lack of empathy and conscience for wrongdoing toward others, Low emotional intelligence, Little physiological arousal from shock

Generalized Anxiety

Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore MOST likely suffers from ____________ disorder.

Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder is characterized by signs such as lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, and loss of interest in family, friends, and activities. To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, these signs must last for two or more weeks.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Mis-regulation of personality characteristics, person exhibits two or more distinct personalities

Former name of Dissociative Identity Disorder

Multiple Personality Disorder

Appraisal in Depression

Outlook on situations or consequences of your depressed mood

Stable-Global Internal Appraisal

Stable = seen as affecting for a long time or permanently Global = seen as affecting in many different context or situations Internal = seen as entirely due to you and who you are - your fault (internal locus of control) RESULT = DEPRESSION

Epigenetics

Study of the gene-environment interaction

Temporary Specific External Appraisal

Temporary = seen as affecting in just the current instance or momentarily Specific = seen as affecting just the current context or situation External = seen as possibly due (at least in part) to the situation rather than yourself RESULT = SUCCESSFUL COPING

role of Classical Conditioning In PTSD

Thoughts/anxiety caused by CS that was paired with US trauma

Genetic Predisposition

Traits coding for tendencies toward behavioral/mental characteristics

Stimulants

Unlike depressants, which decrease brain activity, _____ increase brain activity.

Diathesis

Vulnerability to a disorder

OCD

Without success, Regine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is MOST symptomatic of _____ disorder.

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Tolerance

a dwindling effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

Disorders of Thought

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

Mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common

Panic Disorder

brief terrifying periods of intense anxiety, often with chest pain or choking

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

characterized by symptoms of unexplained and continually tense and uneasy feelings

Addictive Behavior and Substance Abuse Disorder

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Hallucinations

false sensory perceptions

Delusions

further held beliefs about reality based on false perceptions

Phobias

persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

Anxiety Disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow ending the use of an addictive drug or behavior

Bipolar Disorder

uncontrollable fluctuations in mood

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions