Chapter 13 - Reformation & Religious Wars

Katharina von Bora

Martin Luther's wife

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy

German Peasants' War

Peasants demanded an end to feudalism. Inspired by Luther's writings. Yet, Luther was opposed to violence and peasant movement. He believed people should obey their secular rulers. About 100,000 peasants were killed as both Protestant and Catholic armies crushed the revolt.

Charles V

Sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism in Europe

Anabaptists

Voluntary association of believers with no connection to any state. Rejected child baptism. Believed the end of the world was near. Rejected the Trinity.

Simony

the buying and selling of church offices

Elizabeth I

"Virgin Queen" Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (Henry's 2nd wife) Held strong Protestant beliefs; Catholics saw her as "illegitimate". Effectively oversaw the development of Protestantism in England.

95 Theses

(1517) Criticized the Church's sale of indulgences; issued by Martin Luther

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.

Spanish Armada

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.

Protestant

The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.

Predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.

Francis I

This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots (Concordat of Bologna)

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope and paid the pope to obtain the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.

Diet of Worms

Tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to outlaw and sentence execution through stake-burning.

Mary Tudor

Tried to reimpose Catholicism. Daugher of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Married Philip II, future heir to the Spanish throne. Mary rescinded reformation legislation of Henry's and Edward's reign. 300 people executed including bishops and Archbishop Cranmer; her opponents called her "Bloody Mary".

laypeople

baptized members of the Church who share in the mission to bring the good news of Christ to the world

Pope Leo X

began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

catechism

compendiums of basic religious knowledge; Luther had 2 of these

veneration

great respect; reverence

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

Church of England

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

Council of Trent

Established Catholic Dogma for next four centuries (16th-19th centuries). Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers. Salvation by both "good works" and faith. 7 Sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed. Approved the Index of Forbidden Books. Church Reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, Bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests.

Ulrich Zwingli

Established a theocracy in Zurich, Switzerland. Disagreed with Luther over the Eucharist; saw it as only symbolic while Luther believed the spirit of Christ existed in the Eucharist -- consubstantiation; Catholics believed in transubstantiation -- that the wine and bread consumed during Communion turned into the actual body and blood of Christ.

Philip II

Fanatically seeks to reimpose Catholicism in Europe. Built the Escorial: new royal palace. Ordered the invasion of England. Spain's navy (Spanish Armada) largely destroyed thus ending plans for invasion.

Habsburg-Valois Wars

Five wars between 1521 and 1555 (Francis I vs. Charles V) France tried to keep Germany divided (although France was Catholic). Political impact of Lutheranism in Germany; division lasted until late 19th century. Wars ended by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559).

Huguenots

French Calvinists

John Calvin

Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536). Believed in predestination. Established a theocracy in Geneva. Most militant and uncompromising of all Protestant faiths. Emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith. Three goals: reform church through education, preach the Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism.

Pope Paul III

Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism

Iconoclasm

Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.

John Knox

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymore (Henry's 3rd wife). England moved towards Calvinism during his short reign. New practices: clergy could marry, iconic images removed from the Anglican Church, Communion by the laity expanded. New Doctrines: Salvation by faith alone, denial of transubstantiation, only two sacraments: baptism and communion.

Ursuline Order of Nuns

Sought to combat heresy through Christian education. Founded by Angela Merici

clerical

(of a job or person) concerned with or relating to work in an office, specifically religious

King Christian III

(r. 1523-1560) King of Denmark-Norway, the first area outside the empire to officially accept the Reformation

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.

Peace of Augsburg

1555. Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism. Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism. Resulted in the permanent religious division of Germany.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

20,000 Huguenots massacred at Catherine's order after Huguenots rioted in protest of a Guise assassination of a Huguenot leader. Led to the War of the Three Henrys.

Henry VIII

2nd of Tudor Kings in England. Initially was a strong ally of Pope. Defense of Seven Sacraments; "Defender of the Faith". Sought a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because they could not conceive a son. Pope refused to have the marriage annulled causing him to break away from the church; issued Act of Supremacy

Calvinism

A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.

Edict of Nantes

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.

Indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.

Johann Tetzel

Had been authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences. "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Martin Luther

Wrote the 95 Theses. Luther beliefs included: salvation through faith alone, bible is the sole authority, "priesthood of all believers" (Church consists of entire Christian community), Only two sacraments are valid (Baptism and Communion)

The Consistory

a church-related court composed of elders and ministers; could judge only ecclesiastical matters having no civil jurisdiction