Chapter 13 - Reformation & Religious Wars
Katharina von Bora
Martin Luther's wife
Anticlericalism
Opposition to the clergy
German Peasants' War
Peasants demanded an end to feudalism. Inspired by Luther's writings. Yet, Luther was opposed to violence and peasant movement. He believed people should obey their secular rulers. About 100,000 peasants were killed as both Protestant and Catholic armies crushed the revolt.
Charles V
Sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the hegemony of Catholicism in Europe
Anabaptists
Voluntary association of believers with no connection to any state. Rejected child baptism. Believed the end of the world was near. Rejected the Trinity.
Simony
the buying and selling of church offices
Elizabeth I
"Virgin Queen" Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (Henry's 2nd wife) Held strong Protestant beliefs; Catholics saw her as "illegitimate". Effectively oversaw the development of Protestantism in England.
95 Theses
(1517) Criticized the Church's sale of indulgences; issued by Martin Luther
Union of Utrecht
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Spanish Armada
The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it.
Protestant
The name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
Predestination
The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
Francis I
This was the French king who reached an agreement with Pope Leo X and allowed the French king to select French bishops and abbots (Concordat of Bologna)
Concordat of Bologna (1516)
Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope and paid the pope to obtain the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.
Diet of Worms
Tribunal of the Holy Roman Empire with power to outlaw and sentence execution through stake-burning.
Mary Tudor
Tried to reimpose Catholicism. Daugher of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Married Philip II, future heir to the Spanish throne. Mary rescinded reformation legislation of Henry's and Edward's reign. 300 people executed including bishops and Archbishop Cranmer; her opponents called her "Bloody Mary".
laypeople
baptized members of the Church who share in the mission to bring the good news of Christ to the world
Pope Leo X
began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church
catechism
compendiums of basic religious knowledge; Luther had 2 of these
veneration
great respect; reverence
Politiques
Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.
Transubstantiation
Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.
Mary Queen of Scots
Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.
Church of England
Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife
Council of Trent
Established Catholic Dogma for next four centuries (16th-19th centuries). Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers. Salvation by both "good works" and faith. 7 Sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed. Approved the Index of Forbidden Books. Church Reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, Bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests.
Ulrich Zwingli
Established a theocracy in Zurich, Switzerland. Disagreed with Luther over the Eucharist; saw it as only symbolic while Luther believed the spirit of Christ existed in the Eucharist -- consubstantiation; Catholics believed in transubstantiation -- that the wine and bread consumed during Communion turned into the actual body and blood of Christ.
Philip II
Fanatically seeks to reimpose Catholicism in Europe. Built the Escorial: new royal palace. Ordered the invasion of England. Spain's navy (Spanish Armada) largely destroyed thus ending plans for invasion.
Habsburg-Valois Wars
Five wars between 1521 and 1555 (Francis I vs. Charles V) France tried to keep Germany divided (although France was Catholic). Political impact of Lutheranism in Germany; division lasted until late 19th century. Wars ended by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559).
Huguenots
French Calvinists
John Calvin
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536). Believed in predestination. Established a theocracy in Geneva. Most militant and uncompromising of all Protestant faiths. Emphasized the importance of hard work and accompanying financial success as a sign that God was pleased.
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith. Three goals: reform church through education, preach the Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism.
Pope Paul III
Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism
Iconoclasm
Opposing or even destroying images, especially those set up for religious veneration in the belief that such images represent idol worship.
John Knox
Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)
Edward VI
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymore (Henry's 3rd wife). England moved towards Calvinism during his short reign. New practices: clergy could marry, iconic images removed from the Anglican Church, Communion by the laity expanded. New Doctrines: Salvation by faith alone, denial of transubstantiation, only two sacraments: baptism and communion.
Ursuline Order of Nuns
Sought to combat heresy through Christian education. Founded by Angela Merici
clerical
(of a job or person) concerned with or relating to work in an office, specifically religious
King Christian III
(r. 1523-1560) King of Denmark-Norway, the first area outside the empire to officially accept the Reformation
The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
Peace of Augsburg
1555. Temporarily ended the struggle in Germany over Lutheranism. Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism. Resulted in the permanent religious division of Germany.
Catherine of Aragon
1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
20,000 Huguenots massacred at Catherine's order after Huguenots rioted in protest of a Guise assassination of a Huguenot leader. Led to the War of the Three Henrys.
Henry VIII
2nd of Tudor Kings in England. Initially was a strong ally of Pope. Defense of Seven Sacraments; "Defender of the Faith". Sought a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because they could not conceive a son. Pope refused to have the marriage annulled causing him to break away from the church; issued Act of Supremacy
Calvinism
A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.
Edict of Nantes
A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
Indulgence
A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
Habsburg
A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain.
Johann Tetzel
Had been authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences. "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Thomas More
He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.
Martin Luther
Wrote the 95 Theses. Luther beliefs included: salvation through faith alone, bible is the sole authority, "priesthood of all believers" (Church consists of entire Christian community), Only two sacraments are valid (Baptism and Communion)
The Consistory
a church-related court composed of elders and ministers; could judge only ecclesiastical matters having no civil jurisdiction
