Chapter 13 Social Psy

Halo effects are most likely to be caused by a. reliance on implicit personality theories. b. the tendency to perceive women as having a nurturing role. c. biases in the graphology process. d. the use of structured interviews in personnel selection.

A

The advantage of structured rather than traditional interviews when screening applicants is that an employer a. can avoid conducting biased interviews. b. can use integrity tests and/or polygraph tests as part of the interview procedure. c. can get a better implicit understanding of each applicant. d. has more flexibility to pursue interesting lines of questioning in the interview.

A

The idea that leadership effectiveness is determined both by the personal characteristics of leaders and the control afforded by the situation is most consistent with the a. contingency model. b. transformational model. c. expectancy theory. d. great person theory.

A

Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on integrity tests? a. Such tests are predictive of job performance and behaviors such as theft or disciplinary problems. b. Both overt and covert integrity tests can be easily faked by motivated or knowledgeable test-takers. c. While covert tests can be easily faked, overt tests are too obvious to fake. d. Such tests are no more predictive of job performance than the flip of a coin.

A

According to expectancy theory, worker motivation depends on all of the following except a. valued rewards. b. high intrinsic motivation. c. performance recognition. d. a belief that extra effort will be effective.

B

Compared to supervisor ratings, self-evaluations are likely to be a. more positive and more predictive of job performance. b. more positive but less predictive of job performance. c. more negative and more predictive of job performance. d. more negative and less predictive of job performance.

B

Greenberg (1988) found that workers assigned to higher-status offices improve their job performance, whereas those assigned to lower-status offices slow their performance. This finding supports the predictions of a. the transformational model. b. equity theory. c. the contingency model. d. intrinsic motivation.

B

One difficulty that homeowners often run into when they attempt to sell is that they tend to value their own property much higher than do other people, including real estate agents and potential buyers. This tendency is consistent with the a. sunk cost principle. b. endowment effect. c. escalation effect. d. concept of entrapment.

B

Researchers suggest that investors are more influenced by news and stock market tips during periods of rising and falling prices than during periods of relative stability. This is consistent with social psychological research concerning a. social exchange theory and equity theory. b. conformity and social comparison processes. c. cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories. d. contrast effects and excitation transfer.

B

The Hawthorne effect refers to a. the relationship between working conditions and job satisfaction. b. the finding that workers who were given special attention increased their productivity regardless of what actual changes were made in the work setting. c. the fact that employees become so engaged in their work that they are immune to environmental manipulations. d. the tendency for bright levels of illumination to decrease worker productivity.

B

The practice of obtaining multiple evaluations of an individual worker from supervisors, peers, and subordinates is known as a _____ appraisal. a. circular b. 360-degree c. multidirectional d. recombinant

B

All of the following are aspects of the due process model of performance appraisal except a. adequate notice. b. fair hearing. c. integrity tests. d. evidence of job performance.

C

Isaac, a well-respected man with charisma, wants to preserve some uninhabited islands from development. He carries out a "Save the Islands" campaign by focusing on people's love for nature, addressing their concern about what they believe is becoming an overdeveloped world. He also presents a strategy for preserving the islands forever. Such leadership best reflects a. the classic trait approach to leadership. b. a normative model of leadership. c. transformational leadership. d. task-oriented leadership.

C

Mandy has applied for a job at a large telecommunications company. As part of the process, she goes to the human resources department and participates in several exercises. In one exercise, she is taken to an office, seated at a desk, and asked to process the in-basket on the desk as if it were her first day on the job. Multiple evaluators rate Mandy's performance on processing the in-basket work. Next, she does another task and is again rated by many evaluators. Mandy is participating in what form of personnel selection? a. Wholistic personality test b. Structured interview c. Assessment center d. On the job intelligence test

C

Research by Bobocel and others (1998) showed that opposition to affirmative action is associated with a. conscious prejudice. b. unconscious prejudice. c. strong belief in the principle of merit. d. strong belief in the principle of equality.

C

Research by Vohs and colleagues (2006) demonstrates the effects of leading participants to think about money. Which of the following is not one of those effects? a. People tend to prefer to work alone as opposed to in groups. b. People tend to fail to ask for help with a problem they are having trouble solving. c. People tend to encroach on the personal space of other people, standing too close to them or engaging in unwanted physical touching. d. People tend to offer less help to others who are clearly in need of assistance.

C

Research that examines workers' personality characteristics has concluded that a. people who score high in conscientiousness tend to be too timid and cautious to be highly productive workers. b. low self-monitors are more likely to become organizational leaders. c. extraverts are more likely than introverts to succeed as managers. d. tests of cognitive ability are poor predictors of job success.

C

What feature(s) must a goal have to be effective? a. It must be specific. b. It must be simple. c. It must be specific and difficult. d. It must be general and simple.

C

Angus is accused of having a restriction of range problem in his evaluations of coworkers. What is most likely to be true about Angus? a. His ratings fluctuate dramatically over time b. He tends to believe that friendly subordinates are also competent c. He rates people he doesn't know well inaccurately d. He probably fails to make adequate distinctions among subordinates

D

Bobby, Peter, Greg, and Mike are all very effective leaders. Although their leadership styles vary, they are particularly likely to have in common a. an emphasis on smoothing over potentially tense relationships. b. the ability to negotiate deals efficiently and to their own advantage. c. an engaging way of speaking. d. the ability to use social influence effectively.

D

Dr. Henry is a psychologist who studies practical issues concerning personnel selection, performance appraisals, and group leadership. She is probably a(n) a. clinical psychologist. b. experimental psychologist. c. economic/applied psychologist. d. industrial/organizational psychologist.

D

Madeline, Joe, and Ian have all applied for the same promotion. Madeline is chosen but may be particularly likely to devalue the promotion if she believes that a. it was based on equity considerations. b. the decision was made on the basis of an assessment center. c. her intrinsic motivation, not her ability, determined the decision. d. she got it because of her gender.

D

Performance standards based on the perceptions of employees reported by their supervisors, coworkers, or clients are considered a. concrete appraisals. b. integrity tests. c. quantitative criteria. d. subjective measures.

D

Research regarding gender and leadership indicates that a. men are typically more effective leaders than women. b. women are typically more effective leaders than men. c. male leaders are more relations-oriented than female leaders, and females are more task-oriented than males. d. male leaders are more controlling in their approach than are female leaders, and females are more democratic than males.

D

Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on traditional employment interviews? a. Interviews tend to be very high in predictive validity. b. Applicants who exhibit the least amount of self-promotion are likely to be hired. c. Interviews eliminate biases toward physically attractive applicants. d. An employer's expectations can distort the interview process.

D