Chapter 13

Physical stressors to an ecosystem that are removed or corrected first in restoration projects typically include ______.

-vehicle traffic and pollutants -water flow

Match the bird to the area where it has been successfully reestablished. Nene goose

Hawaii

How does the massive ground trampling that bison herds accomplish affect prairie restoration?

It disturbs the ground and provides habitat for pioneer species.

Characterize the following definitions of restoration as either strict or broad. To return a biological community as nearly as possible to a pristine, predisturbance condition

Strict

Match the country with the correct restoration efforts going on within it. Rwanda

This country will focus on safeguarding the nation's rich wildlife, an important tourist attraction, to help restore its degraded forests, soil, water, and wildlife.

Match the ecological restoration term on the left with its correct definition on the right. Intervention

To apply techniques to discourage or reduce undesired organisms and favor desired species

Match the ecological restoration term on the left with its correct definition on the right. Remediation

To clean chemical contaminants from a polluted area

Match the ecological restoration term on the left with its correct definition on the right. Re-creation

To create an entirely new ecosystem on a severely degraded site

Match the ecological restoration term on the left with its correct definition on the right. Rehabilitation

To rebuild a community to a useful, functioning state

True or False: The goal of restoration is to return a biological community to its predisturbance structure and function.

True

True or false: Floods threatening wealthy coastal cities triggered a demand for shunting of rivers in the Florida Everglades ecosystem to bring water out to sea.

True

Despite logging and grazing 80 percent of its forests in the early 1800s, and after abandoning sheep production, the state of ______ is now 80 percent forested and has reacquired many characteristics of old-growth forests including original animal species such as moose, bear, bobcats, and pine martins.

Vermont

In the Nature Conservancy's Hassayampa River Preserve near Phoenix, restoration ecologists found themselves confronted with the philosophical question of whether to restore an area to ______.

its natural state or to that of an earlier agricultural landscape

Even species-poor, monocultural ______ provide the advantage of reducing runoff while providing habitat for wildlife species, and producing lumber for paper pulp.

forests

The rich, black swamps of the Everglades originally were drained for ______.

growing crops

In Sequoia National Park, rangers have recently recognized that fire suppression ______.

has negatively affected the forests

In the images, the blue line with arrows represents the ______.

historic (far left) and planned restoration (far right) of water in the flow of the Everglades

Severe degradation of a site may lead to an ecosystem condition that is known as a threshold of ______ resulting in a barren site.

irreversibility

Much of the ______, or mixed grass section of the Great Plains has been converted to agriculture and is dependent on fossil water (water that will not be replenished by rainfall or runoff) from the Ogallala Aquifer.

middle

Allowing fresh ______ to escape the levee system in New Orleans allows for the rebuilding of marshes and wetlands, and encourages the growth of vegetation. This also reduces the intrusion of saltwater up the river

muddy water

Invasion by exotic species coupled with physical changes caused by human actions can sometimes bring about a state called a(n) ______ ecosystem.

novel

This is an image of an ______. These ecosystems are parklike forests where tree canopies cover 10 to 50 percent of the area, and the ground is carpeted with prairie grasses and flowers.

oak savanna

Wetlands occupy less than 5% of the land in the United States, but we estimate that up to ______ of all endangered species spend at least part of their lives in wetlands.

one-third

The destruction of most wetlands in the United States has been caused by ______.

people filling them in so the land can be used for development

Japan and Rwanda are just two examples of countries that started restoration projects after ______ resulted in massive deforestation.

war

Beginning in 1972, multiple rules have been imposed to protect ______ from destruction. Prior to this, most people drained them or filled them in, even with the support of government agencies.

wetlands

The first official ______, Pelican Island, was established by President Roosevelt in 1903 to protect species such as roseate spoonbills and snowy egrets from extinction.

wildlife refuge

There are two competing approaches to saving prairies: with people or without. Both the Nature Conservancy and the American Prairie Foundation are currently working on projects in Montana; however, the Nature Conservancy project is working ______ local ranchers whereas the American Prairie Foundation is working ______ them.

with; without

Yellowstone National Park has had a 20-year experimental restoration program of ______, a top predator.

wolves

How much of the original Great Plains prairies remains?

Less than 2%

What is the threshold of irreversibility?

The point in which conditions are so degraded that a site becomes barren

In the restoration of an oak savanna in the Chicago area starting in the 1980s, invasive species such as buckthorn and garlic mustard were removed and ______.

prescribed burns were undertaken

Diversion of river ______ that once replenished the coastal marshes and swamps of Louisiana, along with channels and boat wakes, are causing the Gulf shoreline to retreat about 4 m per year.

sediments

Prescribed burning refers to the ______.

setting of fires under carefully controlled conditions to remove brush and flammable materials from a forest or grassland

Prairie potholes are ______.

shallow ponds and grassy wetlands that once spread from Alberta to Kansas

Because of the extensive channeling of water that once entered the Everglades, the region has experienced a ______ percent loss of its wading birds.

90

An oak _____ is a forest with scattered "open-grown" trees where the canopy covers 10 to 50 percent of the area.

Blank 1: savanna

Controlled burns alone are often not enough to restore oak _____. Intensive management, such as removal of _____ species and planting of native species, may also need to be done.

Blank 1: savanna or savannas Blank 2: invasive

In order to help restore Gulf Coast wetlands, gaps in the levees are allowing _____ and freshwater to flow back into the system instead of being either stuck behind the levees or flowing directly out to the deeper ocean.

Blank 1: sediments or mud

The Great Plains once were covered in different types of prairies, starting in the east with savanna, then moving to _____ prairie, mixedgrass prairie, and ending with _____ to the west.

Blank 1: tallgrass Blank 2: shortgrass

Channels, boat _____, and the diversion of sediments is causing the erosion of coastal wetlands.

Blank 1: wakes or traffic

The Army Corps of Engineers is using _____ dams that trap mud and encourage the regeneration of marshland.

Blank 1: wing

The reintroduction of _____ in Yellowstone has successfully reduced the number of elk from a population that was close to double its carrying capacity.

Blank 1: wolves

Locals and ranchers in Montana are concerned with the prairie restoration planned by the American Prairie Foundation because it includes the reintroduction of predators such as _____.

Blank 1: wolves, grizzlies, or bears

Which of the following statements correctly describe American prairies?

-Their extensive root systems can form a dense sod. -There are different types, including tallgrass and shortgrass. -They once covered most of the middle third of what is now the United States.

The American Prairie Foundation is buying land in Montana in order to restore prairie without ranching, stating that ______ on the land will bring in more money than raising cattle.

-hunting -tourism

Planting trees is effective in ______.

-providing food and fodder -improving air quality -controlling erosion

Match the bird to the area where it has been successfully reestablished. Cahow, or hook-billed petrel

Bermuda

The Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Wangari Maathai, was the inspiration for the billion tree campaign in the country of _____.

Blank 1: Kenya

The _____ Bird Hunting _____ Act raises about $25 million a year for wildlife conservation.

Blank 1: Migratory Blank 2: Stamp

Gifford _____, the first head of the U.S. Forest Service, recognized that the destruction of forests was unsustainable.

Blank 1: Pinchot

Characterize the following definitions of restoration as either strict or broad. To develop a self-sustaining, useful ecosystem with as many of its original elements as possible

Broad

Match the country with the correct restoration efforts going on within it. The United States

Building on the policies of Gifford Pinchot, lumber companies in this country now replant forests they harvest.

Match the bird to the area where it has been successfully reestablished. Condor

California

______ replaces a degraded or destroyed site with one of more or less equal ecological value somewhere else.

Mitigation

Which of the following statements describes the correct relationship between plantation and natural forests?

Natural forests have more diversity.

There are two competing approaches to saving prairies: with people or without them. The ______ project works with ranchers to protect prairie dogs and sage grouse on land that is still being used to graze cattle, whereas the ______ project bought land from ranchers and plans to set aside the land as a nature reserve.

Nature Conservancy; American Prairie Foundation

Which of the following has been shown to improve air quality, reduce global warming, control erosion, provide fodder, and beautify cities?

Planting trees

Where does the water come from that irrigates the crops of the middle, or mixed grass section of the Great Plains?

The Ogallala Aquifer

______ act as water purification systems, removing silt and toxins.

Wetlands

What was the problem that ecologists encountered when they discussed restoring land in the Hassayampa River Preserve in Phoenix?

Which landscape should they rebuild since there was more than one depending on the time line.

The first step in conservation and ecological restoration is to ______ whatever is causing the damage.

stop

Often prohibiting ______ activities, such as agriculture, logging, or mining, can be enough to allow nature to heal itself.

disturbance

Which of the following are considered to be the benefits of raising native animals (bison) rather than domesticated animals (cattle) in the arid American West?

-Bison brings a higher price than beef in the marketplace. -Bison meat is leaner and more flavorful than beef. -Bison are adapted to drought. -Bison do not require shelter.

Which of the following have been a consequence of the extensive diversion of the waters in Everglades National Park?

-Cities have experienced water shortages during dry seasons. -Ninety percent of the wading birds have been lost.

Which of the following are considered ways in which fire is an essential part of prairie restoration?

-Fire removes nutrients (especially nitrogen). -Fire kills many weed species.

Rank the five components of restoration projects in order of occurrence, placing the first step of the process on the top.

1.Removal of physical stressors. 2.Control of invasive species. 3.Replanting. 4.Captive breeding and reintroduction of fauna. 5.Monitoring.

A Sand County Almanac, the seminal work of ______, created awareness of the importance of land conservation, environmental ethics, and ecologically-based land management.

Aldo Leopold

Match the country with the correct restoration efforts going on within it. Japan

Almost completely deforested after World War II, this country can now boast that it is 60 percent forest-covered.

NARI, the _____ _____ Rating Index measures the relative abundance of native species in high-quality communities.

Blank 1: Natural Blank 2: Area

_____ ecosystems are those which are the result of invasion by exotic species coupled with physical changes caused by human actions.

Blank 1: Novel

_____ burning refers to setting fires under carefully controlled conditions to remove brush and flammable material from a forest or grassland. (Use a single word for your answer.)

Blank 1: Prescribed or Controlled

Because beef cows require shelter from the harsh winters and a lot of water to drink, many ranchers in the arid American West are coming to realize the benefits of raising _____ because they are well adapted to the harsh conditions of the prairie. (Use only one word per blank.)

Blank 1: bison or buffalo

A large part of plans to restore the Everglades is to remove the levees and _____ that now work to drain water to the ocean without replenishing the land.

Blank 1: channels

The original prairies of the Great Plains have now almost entirely disappeared, having been converted to the agricultural crops of soybeans and _____.

Blank 1: corn or maize

Early settlers in states such as Wisconsin eliminated grazing animals and _____ which were both necessary for the health of oak savannas.

Blank 1: fire

Giant sequoias in California are threatened by _____ suppression because the buildup of dense undergrowth creates conditions in which _____ can climb to the upper limbs of the mature trees. (Use the same word for both blanks.)

Blank 1: fire Blank 2: fire

The two crucial elements in Great Plains restoration programs are _____ and bison. (Use just one word for your answer.)

Blank 1: fire or burns

Prairie _____ are small, shallow ponds and grassy wetlands that once spread across the prairies from Alberta to Kansas.

Blank 1: potholes or pot-holes

A strict definition of ecological _____ would be to return a biological community, as nearly as possible, to a pristine state.

Blank 1: restoration

The field of ecological _____ attempts to repair damage caused to natural ecosystems by activities such as logging, filling of wetlands, and pollution of air and water.

Blank 1: restoration

Match the bird to the area where it has been successfully reestablished. Peregrine falcon

Eastern United States

True or false: NARI, the Natural Area Rating Index, is a measure of the relative abundance of alien species characteristic of high-quality natural communities.

False Reason: NARI refers to the relative abundance of native species as opposed to non-native or alien species.

______ plays a crucial role for prairie restoration by killing many weedy species as well as removing nutrients, which gives native grasses that are adapted to low-nitrogen soils an advantage.

Fire

In addition to fire, the reintroduction of ______, which are large grazing animals, was done in the early 1990s at the Tallgrass Prairie Ecological Research Station in Oklahoma, in an effort to protect and restore the eastern Great Plains ecosystem.

bison

Together with fire, ______ are considered important tools in prairie restoration as they have short, intense, and local grazing habits that support biodiversity.

bison

The use of fire to restore the rare oak savanna ecosystem is best done by ______.

burning in intermediate time intervals, allowing young oaks to become established

Through a massive human effort that included restoring the land, the ______ has been reestablished on Nonsuch Island in Bermuda.

cahow

Coastal wetlands in New Orleans provide important protection for the shoreline ______ but have been lost due to channeling for navigation and oil exploration.

during storm surges

Not only did the Kenyan Green Belt Movement inspire the United Nation's billion-tree campaign, it also ______ while improving environmental, social, and economic conditions.

empowered women

The Army Corps of Engineers is using wing dams on the Mississippi River to ______.

encourage marshland regeneration

One-third of all ______ species spend at least some of their lives in wetlands.

endangered