Chapter 14

As for the response to terrorism, one of the more controversial developments in this new Age of Terror was the passage of the _____ less than 2 months after the planes slammed into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.

USA PATRIOT Act

A dispute resolution process that brings disputants together with a third party who is trained to help people resolve disputes is

mediation

A process whereby an offender is required to contribute to restoring the health of the community, repairing the harm done, and meeting victims' needs is called ______ ______.

restorative justice

Which of the following is recommended as a way to protect court documents in case of disasters?

using electronic filing and backup

Match the groups of people who advocate various types of models of law enforcement (in the left column) with their views on pretrial detention (in the right column). Instructions

- Advocates of the crime control model: Expanded use of pretrial detention will encourage more factually guilty offenders to plead guilty and will better protect society from the crimes those people are likely to commit if not confined. - Advocates of the due process model: People accused of crimes should be entitled to remain free until they are found guilty unless they are unlikely to appear when required or they pose a significant threat to society.

Match the groups of people who advocate various models of law enforcement (in the left column) with their views on the appellate process (in the right column). Instructions

- Advocates of the crime control model: The appellate process can impede the efficient operation of the administration of justice. - Advocates of the due process model: The right to appeal is a significant and indispensable part of the process in which earlier errors and infringements of rights can be corrected.

Identify the true statements about the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). (Check all that apply.)

- It has undergone some fundamental changes, such as changes in management hierarchy, in response to 9/11. - It is part of the Justice Department.

Identify the true statements about the smart justice movement. (Check all that apply.)

- It targets laws that require truth-in sentencing and other laws that eliminate judicial discretion. - Generally, its critical focus is on tough-on-crime laws that have caused unjust sentences, mass incarceration, and wasteful spending.

Match the roles involved in various dispute resolution processes that are part of the model of participatory justice (in the left column) with their functions (in the right column). Instructions

- Mediators: To help disputants talk out their problems, to offer suggestions about possible resolutions, and, if possible, to achieve consensus about how the dispute can be resolved to everyone's satisfaction - Arbitrators: To ask probing and relevant questions of each side and arrive at an equitable solution to a dispute

Identify the statements that are likely to be true about the advances in electronic surveillance in the context of law enforcement. (Check all that apply.)

- Such advances promise greater efficiency in crime control. - Through such advances, it is assumed that police will learn more quickly of dangerous situations.

Match the models of law enforcement (in the left column) with the likely results of these models dominating the future of the administration of justice in the context of the appellate process (in the right column). Instructions

- The crime control model: Appeals will be strongly discouraged and limited. - The due process model: There will be no limitations on the right to appeal.

Identify the views of most of the advocates of the smart justice movement. (Check all that apply.)

- This movement helps make communities safer. - This movement helps former offenders live as law-abiding citizens once they are released from prison.

Which of the following are the fundamental missions of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in the United States? (Check all that apply.)

- To minimize the damage and assist in the recovery from terrorist acts that do occur - To prevent terrorist attacks in the United States

Which of the following was a response of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to 9/11?

A National Joint Terrorism Task Force was established at FBI headquarters to coordinate the flow of information with task forces in each of the Bureau's 56 field offices

Identify a true statement about the new penology in the context of the studies conducted by law professors Malcolm Feeley and Jonathan Simon in the early 1990s.

It has abandoned rehabilitation in favor of efficiently managing large numbers of prisoners.

Which of the following is most likely a result of the shift to the principles and policies of the due process model of law enforcement from the crime control model?

The practice of detaining and arresting suspects for investigation without probable cause will end or at least will be decreased substantially.

True or false: Corrections in the future is likely to take on "a kind of waste management function."

True

True or false: Crime and delinquency prevention in the future will be mostly the responsibility of government agencies and philanthropic organizations outside the criminal justice process.

True

Which of the following possible new technologies would help police question witnesses and suspects who speak a different language?

a universal translator

A dispute resolution process that brings disputants together with a third party who has the skills to listen objectively to evidence presented by both sides of a conflict is

arbitration

Advances in electronic surveillance will facilitate greater intrusion into people's lives. One of these advances is in ______, which is defined as the replacing of human body parts with mechanical parts.

bionics

To help in preparing for the protection of court assets in the face of a disaster, courts should develop a ______ (COOP).

continuity of operations plan

In the United States, the _____ of criminal justice tends to dominate the area of corrections.

crime control model

The costs of building or enlarging more jails and prisons because of overcrowding would be reduced significantly in the future through the use of a process of human hibernation that involves freezing the body. This process is called

cryonics

Because of the changing demographics of the U.S. population, court personnel in the future will need greater sensitivity to issues of

cultural diversity

In the future, courts are likely need to do a better job accommodating people with physical disabilities because of the sharp increase in the

elderly population

What type of technology might significantly change the nature of pretrial detention?

electronic monitoring

If Americans see a shift to the principles and policies of the due process model of law enforcement from the crime control model, they should expect _____.

existing limitations on how the police combat crime to remain intact or even be expanded

In the context of law enforcement, due process model advocates believe that preliminary hearing _____.

is a critical stage in the administration of justice

The near-total dominance of punishment over rehabilitation in the United States inspired law professors Malcolm Feeley and Jonathan Simon in the early 1990s to coin the term "_____" to describe this development.

new penology

Based on current neighborhood justice centers, Gene Stephens proposes a model that integrates mediation and arbitration into a process he calls "_____."

participatory justice

The main reason that advocates of the crime control model want to eliminate preliminary hearings is that

prosecutors do not pursue cases that are weak.

A community follows the strategy of expressing disappointment in an offender's actions, humiliating and punishing the offender, and then making an effort to forgive the offender and accept him or her back into the community. That strategy is known as

reintegrative shaming

The primary purpose of technology such as a scanner that did body-cavity searches, a secret compartment detector, and a nonintrusive cargo inspection device would be to improve

searches for evidence

In the United States, whatever new strategies are employed in corrections in the future will have to conform to constitutional restrictions. Specifically, _____ will have to be respected.

the Eighth Amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment

In the context of the future of corrections, there will be little public resistance to low-cost management strategies because _____.

the vast majority of correctional clientele will be members of the underclass