exam 1 human

The start codon of mRNA is AUG. The sequence of DNA bases that would be transcribed to make this codon is ___. ATC AUG TAC TAG UAC

TAC

Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true except one. Identify the exception. Select one: a.The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. b.The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. c.The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. d.The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. e.The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA

Arrange the following events in protein secretion in the proper sequence.1. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum.2. A secretory vesicle is formed.3. A transport vesicle is formed.4. The polypeptide chain enters the lumen of the Golgi complex. Select one: a.1, 2, 3, 4 b.1, 3, 2, 4 c.1, 3, 4, 2 d.4, 3, 1, 2 e.3, 1, 4, 2

1, 3, 4, 2

What is the potential yield of ATP molecules for each FADH2 molecule entering the electron transport system? Select one: a.1 b.1.5 c.2 d.2.5 e.3

1.5

Each FADH2 has a potential yield of ___, while each NADH has a potential yield of ___. 1, 2 1.5, 2.5 2, 1 2, 1.5 2.5, 1.5

1.5, 2.5

For each NADH molecule that moves through the electron transport system, what is the potential yield of ATP molecules? Select one: a.1 b.2 c.2.5 d.3.5 e.4

2.5

The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body.1. tissue2. cell3. organ4. molecule5. organism6. organ systemThe correct order from the smallest to the largest is Select one: a.2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5. b.4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5. c.4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5. d.4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5. e.6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1.

4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5

A biological process that requires metabolic energy needs which of the following? ATP cAMP Electrochemical gradient Enzymes Heat

ATP

The term cellular (metabolic) energy indicates any biological process requiring Select one: a.energy in any form. b.ATP. c.thermal energy. d.chemical energy. e.thermal energy and chemical energy.

ATP

Saturation can occur with which of the following types of proteins? Enzymes Ion channels Receptors All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following are motor proteins? Dyneins Kinesins Myosins All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is an example of an intermediate filament? Keratin Myosin Neurofilaments All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is true regarding the membrane potential? The inside of a resting cell is negatively charged compared to the ECF The high permeability of the membrane to potassium helps maintain the membrane potential Organic anions are typically located inside the cell All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

All of the above

___ is ordered, purposeful cell death, while ___ is uncontrolled pathological cell death. Apoptosis, necrosis Apoptosis, phagocytosis Necrosis, apoptosis Necrosis, phagocytosis Phagocytosis, apoptosis

Apoptosis, necrosis

What describes the role of molecular chaperones? Assist in protein folding Cleave parts of proteins to activate them Destroy misfolded proteins Methylate proteins Transport proteins throughout the cell

Assist in protein folding

What do clathrin and caveolins have in common? Both are critical for phagocytosis Both are involved in endocytosis Both are lipids that aid in membrane transport Both are membrane-bound enzymes Both are necessary for secondary active transport

Both are involved in endocytosis

Lysosomal enzymes are similar to pepsin in that ___ Both are found within membranous organelles Both are involved in the pathology of Tay-Sachs disease Both are responsible for breaking down cell waste Both are secreted outside the cell Both function best in acidic conditions

Both function best in acidic conditions

Which of the following describes the function of catalase? Break down cell waste within lysosomes Break down CO2 produced as a byproduct of metabolism Break down H2O2 produced as a byproduct of peroxisomes Break down polysaccharides within digestive tract Break down short-chain fatty acids within peroxisomes

Break down H2O2 produced as a byproduct of peroxisomes

The movement of DNA during cell division is controlled by ___ Actin Centrioles Dyneins Kinesins Myosin

Centrioles

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback loop? Childbirth Regulation of blood pressure Regulation of blood sugar All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

Childbirth

Which of the following proteins forms the structure that allows electrical signals to pass directly between cells? Cadherin Cavin Clathrin Claudin Connexin

Connexin

Which of the following describes the role of phospholipase A2? Convert arachidonic acid to leukotrienes Convert arachidonic acid to prostanoids Convert membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid Convert membrane phospholipids to phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate Convert phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate to diacylglycerol

Convert arachidonic acid to leukotrienes

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between cytokines and classic hormones? Cytokines are made in advance and stored, while hormones are released on demand Cytokines are produced by specialized epithelial cells while hormones are produced by all cells Cytokines have different intercellular signaling pathways than hormones All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

Cytokines have different intercellular signaling pathways than hormones

Which property of diffusion best helps explain the necessity of the circulatory system in multicellular organisms? Select one: a.Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. b.Diffusion can take place in an open system or across a partition that separates two systems. c.Diffusion is rapid over short distances but much slower over long distances. d.Diffusion rate is inversely related to molecule size.

Diffusion is rapid over short distances but much slower over long distances

Which best describes homeostasis? Completely constant external conditions Completely constant internal conditions Dynamic disequilibrium All of the above None of the above

Dynamic disequilibrium

move vesicles along microtubules, move cilia and flagella

Dynein

anchored within hydrophobic regions by sphingolipids (lipid rafts)

Lipid-anchored proteins

Produce proteins in rough ER, produce lipids, store calcium, and detoxify substances in smooth ER

Endoplasmic reticulum

What best describes the function of the glycocalyx? Anchor proteins within the cell membrane Bind to signaling molecules to initiate signaling cascades within the cell Form a protective layer around the cell membrane Stabilize the cell membrane Transport molecules across the cell membrane

Form a protective layer around the cell membrane

Which of the following correctly orders the GPCR-cAMP pathway? G protein, G protein-coupled receptor, adenylyl cyclase, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A G protein, G protein-coupled receptor, protein kinase A, adenylyl cyclase, cyclic AMP G protein-coupled receptor, G protein, adenylyl cyclase, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A G protein-coupled receptor, G protein, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A, adenylyl cyclase G protein-coupled receptor, G protein, protein kinase A, adenylyl cyclase, cyclic AMP

G protein-coupled receptor, G protein, adenylyl cyclase, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A

Which of the following allows for communication between cells? Desmosome Gap junction Tight junction All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

Gap junction

Which of the following correctly matches the metabolic process to its location in the cell? Citric acid cycle; cytoplasm Citric acid cycle; intermembranous space Electron transport chain; mitochondrial matrix Glycolysis; cytoplasm Glycolysis; mitochondrial matrix

Glycolysis; cytoplasm

carbohydrates form protective glycocalyx around cells, attached to proteins or lipids

Glycoproteins

Modify and package proteins

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is an example of a feedforward mechanism? Blood clots after a cut Cervix dilates with increased pressure during childbirth Glucagon is released to raise blood sugar Heart rate increases before a race Muscles contract to flinch when frightened

Heart rate increases before a race

Digest nutrients and cell waste

Lysosome

Which of the following is/are classified as (an) integral protein(s)? I. Lipid-anchored proteins II. Peripheral proteins III. Transmembrane proteins I only II only III only I and III only II and III only

I and III only

Which of the following are mechanisms by which a sodium channel may open? I. Application of pressure II. Change in voltage III. Ligand binding II only III only I and II II and III I, II, and III

I, II, and III

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for which of the following? I. Producing proteins II. Modifying proteins III. Packaging proteins II only III only I and III II and III I, II, and III

II and III

Which of the following describes why ibuprofen is effective? Ibuprofen inhibits COX enzymes, preventing production of leukotrienes Ibuprofen inhibits COX enzymes, preventing production of prostaglandins Ibuprofen inhibits COX enzymes, preventing production of thromboxanes Ibuprofen inhibits prostaglandin binding to cells Ibuprofen inhibits thromboxanes binding to cells

Ibuprofen inhibits COX enzymes, preventing production of leukotrienes

what is this group? Lipid droplets Glycogen Ribosomes

Inclusions

Which of the following is responsible for the release of calcium within the cell? Diacylglycerol Inositol triphosphate Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate Phospholipase C Protein kinase C

Inositol triphosphate

tightly bound to membrane, may be channels, receptors, cytoskeleton anchors, etc.

Integral protein

Ubiquitin signals that a protein ___ Contains a disulfide bond Has been phosphorylated Has not yet been activated Is misfolded Requires a molecular chaperone

Is misfolded

Why might the mitochondria be of interest to a geneticist? It contains a small amount of the DNA found in the nucleus that can be analyzed if nuclear DNA is damaged It has its own unique genetic code that can be used to determine familial relationships The shape of the mitochondria correlates to genetic factors All of the above None of the above

It has its own unique genetic code that can be used to determine familial relationships

The ion that plays a key role in initiating electrical signals in neurons is Select one: a.K+. b.Na+. c.Cl-. d.Ca2+.

K+

Which of the follow enzymes is involved in addition-subtracting reactions? Kinase Peptidase Synthetase All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

Kinase

move vesicles along microtubules

Kinesin

Which of the following organelles is responsible for breaking down cell waste? Centrosome Golgi apparatus Lysosome Peroxisome Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosome

Which organelle is responsible for muscle atrophy? Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Mitochondria Peroxisomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Lysosomes

what is this group? Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes

Membranous organelles

Produce ATP for cell use

Mitochondria

Cell adhesion molecules are critical for which of the following signaling methods? Autocrine signaling Contact-dependent signaling Juxtacrine signaling All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

More than one, but not all of the above

What would be a consequence of a cell not producing catalase? The activation energy of the breakdown of H2O2 would be much higher, causing a slower reaction The breakdown of cell waste would be an endergonic reaction and would not be able to occur The cell would be unable to remove a toxic byproduct of lipid breakdown All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

More than one, but not all of the above

Which correctly describes the differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticula? The rough ER has bound ribosomes while the smooth ER does not The rough ER synthesizes proteins while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids The rough ER stores calcium while the smooth ER detoxifies substances All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

More than one, but not all of the above

Which of the following are classified as inclusions? Glycogen Lysosomes Ribosomes All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

More than one, but not all of the above

Which of the following describes a role of calcium as an intercellular signal? Alter gating state of ion channels Bind to regulatory proteins of the cytoskeleton Trigger exocytosis All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

More than one, but not all of the above

Which of the following is responsible for maintaining structural integrity in response to mechanical stress? Actin Keratin Neurofilaments All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

More than one, but not all of the above

Which of the following may help explain drug tolerance? Desensitization Down-regulation Up-regulation All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

More than one, but not all of the above

bind to actin to cause contraction

Myosin

A protein for use inside the cell would be synthesized ___ In the Golgi complex In the rough endoplasmic reticulum In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum On a bound ribosome On a free ribosome

On a free ribosome

Which of the following explains why some cells may not respond to a chemical signal? Only cells also innervated by an electrical signal can respond Only cells by where the signal was released will respond Only cells carrying the correct receptor will respond Only cells that match the type releasing the signal will respond Only cells without a glycocalyx can respond

Only cells carrying the correct receptor will respond

anchored by noncovalent interactions to surface, easily separated, may be enzymes or cytoskeleton anchors

Peripheral proteins

Digest fatty acids and some foreign materials

Peroxisome

Which correctly describes peroxisomes? Peroxisomes are a type of lysosome because both are most effective with a low interior pH Peroxisomes are a type of lysosome because both are vesicles that break down cell waste Peroxisomes are a type of lysosome because both are vesicles that break down potentially toxic materials Peroxisomes are not a type of lysosome because one is a membranous organelle while the other is not Peroxisomes are not a type of lysosome because they contain different sets of enzymes

Peroxisomes are not a type of lysosome because they contain different sets of enzymes

Which of the following statements is true? Phagocytosis is actin-mediated, while endocytosis is not Phagocytosis is always happening, while endocytosis must be triggered Phagocytosis is constitutive, while endocytosis is not Phagocytosis occurs only in bacteria, while endocytosis occurs in humans Phagocytosis utilizes clathrin, while endocytosis does not

Phagocytosis is actin-mediated, while endocytosis is not

Phospholipase C is responsible for converting ___ into ___. Diacylglycerol; inositol trisphosphate Diacylglycerol; phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate Inositol trisphosphate; diacylglycerol Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; diacylglycerol Protein kinase C; inositol trisphosphate

Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; diacylglycerol

form a selectively permeable hydrophobic barrier between cell and ECF

Phospholipid bilayer

The electron transport chain creates a concentration gradient of H+ that is high in ___ Chemical energy Kinetic energy Mechanical energy Potential energy Transport energy

Potential energy

what is this group? Cytskeleton Centrioles Cilia Flagella

Proteins fibers

The fastest signaling pathway utilizes which of the following membrane receptor types? G protein-coupled receptor Integrin receptor Receptor- channel Receptor-enzyme The fastest signaling pathways use lipid molecules to access receptors in the cytoplasm

Receptor-enzyme

When NAD+ is converted to NADH, it has been ___. Dehydrated Denatured Hydrated Oxidized Reduced

Reduced

Which of the following correctly orders the steps of signal transduction within a cell? Signal molecule, membrane receptor protein, intracellular signal molecules, target proteins, response Signal molecule, membrane receptor protein, target protein, intracellular signal molecules, response Signal molecule, target proteins, intracellular signal molecules, membrane receptor protein, response Signal molecule, target proteins, membrane receptor protein, intracellular signal molecules, response More than one of the above may be correct depending on the cell

Signal molecule, membrane receptor protein, intracellular signal molecules, target proteins, response

Which of the following correctly matches the type of epithelium with its function? Simple columnar; secretion and absorption Simple cuboidal; protection Simple squamous; protection Stratified cuboidal; diffusion Stratified squamous; diffusion

Simple columnar; secretion and absorption

Water molecules cross the cell membrane via which of the following mechanisms? Facilitated diffusion Gated channels Pinocytosis Secondary active transport Simple diffusion

Simple diffusion

Which of the following does NOT describe the cell membrane? Amphipathic Bilayer Protein-studded Selectively-permeable Static

Static

Which best describes how the pathways for steroid hormones and protein hormones differ? Steroid hormones can bind to receptors in the cytoplasm because they can diffuse across the membrane, while protein hormones cannot Steroid hormones travel everywhere in the body, while protein hormones are only sent to specific tissues Steroid hormones typically act faster because they affect protein production, while protein hormones mostly alter gene expression All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

Steroid hormones can bind to receptors in the cytoplasm because they can diffuse across the membrane, while protein hormones cannot

Which of the following is NOT a function of microtubules? Enable transport of vesicles Form mitotic spindle Maintain cell shape of asymmetric cells Position organelles within cytoplasm Stiffen cellular projections

Stiffen cellular projections

Which of the following correctly order the steps of a response loop? Stimulus, afferent signal, integrating center, efferent signal, sensor, target, response, feedback Stimulus, afferent signal, sensor, integrating center, efferent signal, target, response, feedback Stimulus, efferent signal, sensor, integrating center, afferent signal, target, response, feedback Stimulus, sensor, afferent signal, integrating center, efferent signal, target, response, feedback Stimulus, sensor, efferent signal, integrating center, afferent signal, target, response, feedback

Stimulus, sensor, afferent signal, integrating center, efferent signal, target, response, feedback

Equilibrium of a chemical reaction means which of the following? The reaction has proceeded fully The reaction is halfway between initiation and termination The reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate There are equal amounts of reactants and products There is no net change in the amount of reactants and products

There is no net change in the amount of reactants and products

___ vesicles move proteins from the ER to the Golgi complex Lysosomal Peroxisomal Secretory Storage Transport

Transport

Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate is important for the production of One lipid-derived first messenger One lipid-derived second messenger One protein-derived second messenger Two lipid-derived second messengers Two protein-derived first messengers

Two lipid-derived second messengers

Transcription of the DNA triplet sequence ATC yields Select one: a.UAG. b.TAG. c.UTC. d.ATC.

UAG

Saturation occurs when Select one: a.molecules are moved by the use of vesicles. b.the energy required to move molecules results from a high-energy bond. c.a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate. d.a preference of a carrier protein for a substance is demonstrated based on the differing affinities of the carrier for the substrates. e.a carrier molecule has the ability to transport only one molecule or a group of closely related molecules.

a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate

Which substance is responsible for activating the digestive enzymes inside lysosomes? Select one: a.air b.water c.acid d.enzymes e.base

acid

Which of the following describe a way a cell may activate second messengers during signal transduction? Amplifier enzymes Phosphorylation Protein kinase All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

all of the above

Gated channels for sodium ions may include Select one: a.mechanical gates, which respond to pressure. b.chemical gates, which respond to ligands. c.voltage gates, which respond to electrical signals. d.All of the answers are correct. e.None of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

Intermediate filaments Select one: a.provide the cell with strength. b.stabilize the position of organelles. c.transport materials within the cytoplasm. d.form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. e.All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

The term meaning "programmed cell death" is Select one: a.necrosis. b.apoptosis. c.oncogenesis. d.diuresis. e.cytocide.

apoptosis

Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both Select one: a.are released by neurons. b.affect only cells with a specific receptor. c.travel in the blood to their target cell. d.are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors. e.are produced by all cells.

are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors

Which body fluid compartment contains higher levels of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-? Select one: a.plasma only b.interstitial fluid only c.intracellular fluid only d.both plasma and intracellular fluid e.both plasma and interstitial fluid

both plasma and interstitial fluid

The type of protein found in gap junctions is the Select one: a.claudin. b.occludin. c.cadherin. d.connexin. e.integrin.

connexin

In the absence of a signal sequence, a newly synthesized protein localizes to the Select one: a.mitochondria. b.cytoplasm. c.peroxisome. d.nucleus. e.plasma membrane.

cytoplasm

Fluid of cytoplasm

cytosol

Centrioles Select one: a.function as pipelines to move fluid through the cell. b.direct the movement of DNA during cell division. c.hold the cell's ribosomes in place. d.are white blood cells out of vessels. e.provide shape and stability to a cell.

direct the movement of DNA during cell division

The cell membrane acts as a good Select one: a.electrical insulator. b.electrical conductor. c.electrical gradient. d.source of ions.

electrical insulator

Caveolae and clathrin-coated pits are both used in Select one: a.endocytosis. b.exocytosis. c.phagocytosis. d.All of the answers are correct. e.None of the answers are correct.

endocytosis

A hyposmotic solution may be hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic, but a hyperosmotic solution can only be hypertonic. True False

false

The mitochondria contains folds in its inner membrane known as sulci. True False

false

Which of these results in a REDUCED molecule? Select one: a.loss of phosphate b.gain of phosphate c.loss of electrons d.gain of electrons

gain of electrons

________ is a protective layer made up of mostly membrane carbohydrates. Select one: a.Epidermis b.Glycocalyx c.Connective tissue d.Focal Adhesion e.Cadherin

glycocalyx

The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the Select one: a.smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. b.Golgi complex for packaging. c.lysosome for modification. d.cell membrane for secretion. e.nucleus for cellular use.

golgi complex for packaging

Which of the following conditions could potentially lead to cell death if prolonged? External levels of 100 mEq/L of Cl- External levels of 135 mEq/L of Na+ External levels of 5 mEq/L of K+ Internal levels of 150 mEq/L of K+ Internal levels of 5 mEq/L of Ca2+

internal levels of 5 mEq/L of Ca2+

Which body fluid compartment contains high levels of K+, large anions, and proteins? Select one: a.plasma only b.interstitial fluid only c.intracellular fluid only d.both plasma and intracellular fluid e.both plasma and interstitial fluid

intracellular fluid only

Inositol triphosphate Select one: a.is a water-insoluble messenger molecule. b.binds to the calcium channel of the endoplasmic recticulum. c.is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol. d.is a second messenger that is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol. e.uses all of the mechanisms.

is a second messenger that is involved in the release of calcium into the cytosol

An enzyme that transfers phosphates from ATP to a substrate molecule is a Select one: a.hydrolase. b.lipase. c.transferase. d.ligase. e.kinase.

kinase

Which proteins assist in the movement of vesicles along microtubules? Select one: a.kinesins b.mitochondria c.rough endoplasmic reticulum d.ribosomes e.Golgi complex

kinesins

Which of the following is an example of a membranous organelle? Select one: a.lysosome b.cilia c.centriole d.ribosome e.cytoskeleton

lysosome

The thickest protein fibers from the following group are Select one: a.microtubules. b.neurofilaments. c.microfilaments. d.myosin molecules. e.keratin filaments.

microtubules

a type of stem cell that is undifferentiated and can still develop into the cells of the tissue it is found in

multipotent

Compared to the outside surface, the inside of a resting cell membrane is Select one: a.positively charged. b.negatively charged. c.electrically neutral. d.continuously reversing its electrical charge. e.positively charged whenever the sodium-potassium pump is active.

negatively charged

Which of the following correctly contrasts nervous and endocrine signals? Nervous signals are very rapid, while endocrine signals are much slower Nervous signals are widespread, while endocrine signals are highly specific Nervous signals have variable strength, while endocrine signals are identical in strength All of the above More than one, but not all of the above

nervous signals are very rapid, while endocrine signals are much slower

As the charge on the membrane of a typical neuron approaches 0 from -70 mV, the cell is Select one: a.only repolarizing. b.only hyperpolarizing. c.only depolarizing. d.only becoming more difficult to stimulate. e.hyperpolarizing and becoming more difficult to stimulate.

only depolarizing

Which of the following is a way for solutes in an aqueous solution to move from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration? Select one: a.only facilitated diffusion b.only osmosis c.only active transport d.both facilitated diffusion and osmosis e.None of the answers are correct.

only facilitated diffusion

________ proteins attach loosely to other membrane proteins or polar regions of phospholipids. Select one: a.Nuclear b.Transmembrane c.Cytoskeletal d.Peripheral e.Glycolipid

peripheral

Diacylglycerol is produced from Select one: a.cyclic AMP. b.phospholipase C. c.a G protein. d.protein kinase A. e.phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.

phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate

The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. The enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. Select one: a.proteolysis, phosphatase b.phosphorylation, phosphatase c.proteolysis, kinase d.phosphorylation, kinase

phosphorylation, kinase

Oxytocin is a hormone that is released in response to cervical dilation. It in turn causes more uterine contractions that will further dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback loop does oxytocin trigger? Select one: a.negative feedback b.positive feedback c.local control d.nociceptive feedback

positive feedback

A molecule positioned on the high-concentration side of a concentration gradient stores ________ energy. Select one: a.chemical b.potential c.kinetic

potential

Cyclic AMP activates Select one: a.a G protein. b.adenylyl cyclase. c.protein hormones. d.protein kinase A. e.hormone receptors.

protein kinase A

Information stored in the nucleus is translated into Select one: a.carbohydrates. b.lipids. c.proteins. d.phospholipids. e.None of the answers are correct.

proteins

Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? Select one: a.fatty acids b.steroids c.proteins d.lipids e.All are synthesized in the SER.

proteins

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to Select one: a.prevent the external environment from changing. b.prevent the internal environment from changing. c.quickly restore changed conditions to normal. d.ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. e.prevent excessive blood loss.

quickly restore changed conditions to normal

Which of the following is NOT involved in creating the resting potential of a neuron? Select one: a.diffusion of potassium ions out of the cell b.diffusion of sodium ions into the cell c.resting membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions d.resting membrane permeability for potassium ions greater than sodium ions

resting membrane permeability for sodium ions greater than potassium ions

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? Select one: a.rough endoplasmic reticulum b.smooth endoplasmic reticulum c.mitochondria d.nucleoli e.Golgi apparatus

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. Select one: a.hydrophilic b.a physical barrier c.structural d.selectively permeable e.metabolically active

selectively permeable

Cell membranes are said to be Select one: a.impermeable barrier. b.freely permeable barrier. c.selectively permeable barrier. d.only permeable to water soluble molecules. e.None of the answers are correct.

selectively permeable barrier

All of the following are types of mediated transport EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. Select one: a.facilitated diffusion b.primary active transport c.simple diffusion d.secondary active transport

simple diffusion

Water is a polar molecule, yet it easily moves through the nonpolar portions of cell membranes. Which transport process is responsible? Select one: a.facilitated diffusion b.simple diffusion c.uniport d.symport e.antiport

simple diffusion

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal? Select one: a.Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. b.Some cells lack the necessary receptors. c.Some cells are completely without receptors. d.Some cells are completely without ligands. e.Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target. Inositol triphosphate

some cells lack the necessary receptors

The most significant difference between a paracrine and an autocrine is Select one: a.the cell that releases it. b.the cell that responds to it. c.the method of transport. d.the route of transport. e.There are no differences—they are the same.

the cell that responds to it

Activation energy is Select one: a.the energy lost or gained in a reaction. b.the energy required for an endergonic reaction. c.the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact. d.required to convert an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.

the energy required to bring molecules into position where they can interact

What is/are the major role(s) of the phospholipid bilayer in the cellular membrane? Select one: a.the absorption of fats only b.the formation of a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules only c.to provide a framework for membrane proteins only d.to carry water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment only e.the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules and to provide a framework for membrane proteins

the formation of a barrier that is a selective for lipid-soluble molecules ad to provide a framework for membrane proteins

What happens to the oxygen that is metabolized within the mitochondria? Select one: a.The oxygen is converted to CO2. b.The oxygen is incorporated into organic molecules during cellular metabolism. c.The oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water. d.The oxygen acts as a coenzyme in the production of ATP. e.The oxygen is converted to CO2 and is combined with hydrogen to form water.

the oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water

A reversible reaction is one where Select one: a.there are large changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. b.there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. c.there is no change in the net free energy from substrate to product. d.a reaction between products is unlikely due to the high activation energy.

there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product

When a chemical reaction is in equilibrium, Select one: a.there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products. b.the reaction is proceeding at its maximum rate. c.the reaction has stopped. d.there are equivalent amounts of substrates and products.

there is no net change in the amount of substrates or products

The earliest cells in development are____, As cells begin to differentiate, they become____

totipotent, pluripotent

The process of forming mRNA is called Select one: a.replication. b.transcription. c.translation. d.ribolation. e.protein synthesis.

transcription

________ proteins extend all the way across the cell membrane. Select one: a.Nuclear b.Transmembrane c.Cytoskeletal d.Peripheral e.Glycolipid

transmembrane

Every substance that enters or leaves the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. Select one: a.True b.False

true

Gases can be used as paracrine signal molecules True False

true

Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles. True False

true

Peroxisomes Select one: a.use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell. b.are a type of lysosome. c.are responsible for the atrophy of unused muscles. d.are sites for synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and phospholipids. e.All of the answers accurately describe peroxisomes.

use an enzyme to destroy H2O2 that is toxic to the cell