Chapter 14 APUSH AMSCO

Although both the Union and the Confederacy refused any sort of compromise, what did Grant manage to do on April 9, 1865?

He forced the Confederate army under Lee to surrender at Appomattox Court House

What advantage did the Union commander, McClellan (restored by this time) have?

He had a copy of Lee's battle plan which was accidentally dropped by a Confederate officer

What did he encourage the border states to do?

come up with plans for emancipation, with compensation to the owners

What was the war's impact on the Northern economy?

Because the war place a premium on mass production and complex organization, it sped up the consolidation of the North's manufacturing businesses.

How did the Confederate hope to gain an economic advantage?

By receiving recognition and financial aid from Europe who had a high demand for Southern cotton

Who did Lincoln make commander of all the Union armies and what was this commander's war strategy?

Grant; attrition

Lincoln delayed announcement of the policy until when?

He could win the support of conservative Northerners

The Civil War destroyed slavery, devastated the Southern economy, and acted as _____________.

a catalyst to transform America into a complex modern industrial society of capital, technology, national organizations, and large corporations.

What did the Confederates lack politically?

a strong central government

What was the purpose of the 13th amendment?

abolish slavery

How did Lincoln justify freeing all enslaved persons in the states then at war with the United States?

as a "military necessity"

Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln?

John Wilkes Booth

What occurred during the battle of Gettysburg?

Lee led an army onto enemy territory: the Union states of Maryland and Pennsylvania with the hopes of either destroying the Union army or capturing a major Northern city in order to call for peace or at least gain foreign intervention on behalf of the Confederacy. Lee's assault on Union lines on the second and third days, including a famous but unsuccessful charge led by George Picket, proved futile, and destroyed a key part of the Confederate army.

What occurred in Antietam?

Lee led his army across the Potomac into enemy territory in Maryland

What occurred in the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Lee took advantage of the Union's change in generals to strike at Pope's army in Northern Virginia.

How did Lincoln approach the secession of the South upon taking office in 1861?

Lincoln assured Southerners that he would not interfere with slavery. At the same time, he warned, no state had the right to break up the Union

More than 37,000 African American soldiers died in what became known as what?

the Army of Freedom

What was the result of these victories?

14,000 Confederates were taken prisoner and the state of Mississippi was open to Union attack

Which battle was considered the most crucial battle of the war and the bloodiest, with more than 50,000 casualties?

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Almost how many African Americans served in the Union army?

200,000 (one-quarter)

What occurred in the Battle of Bull Run?

30,000 federal troops marched from Washington, D.C. to attack Confederate forces position near Bull Run Creek at Manassas Junction, Virginia. Confederate reinforcement under General Thomas (Stonewall) Jackson counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops in disorderly and panicky flight back to Washington.

How many people were freed by the 13th amendment?

4 million

What occurred in Fredericksburg?

A large Union army under Burnside attacked Lee's army at Fredericksburg, Virginia, and suffered immense losses: 12,000 dead or wounded compared to 5,000 Confederate casualties.

In the Election of 1864, who did the Republicans nominate?

Abraham Lincoln and Senator Andrew Johnson as his running mate

How did the U.S. minister to Britain, Charles Francis Adams, prevent the Confederacy from purchasing Laird rams from Britain for use against the Union's naval blockade, a potentially more serious threat?

Adams persuaded the British government to cancel the sale rather than risk war with the United States

The group in American society whose lives were most profoundly changed by the Civil War were...?

African American who had been born into slavery

Which battle aided the Union in achieving complete control of the Mississippi River, cutting off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest of the Confederacy?

Battle of Vicksburg (1863)

What was the Massachusetts 54th Regiment

An all-black unit of newly freed slaves fighting for the Union

Who was the most famous Copperhead?

Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham of Ohio

What was the major reason why the Confederate economy was in desperate shape?

Farmers lost control of their slave labor force and an increasing number of poorly provisioned soldiers were deserting from the Confederate army

What was the first major battle of the war?

First Battle of Bull Run

What were two permanent effects the Civil War had on American women?

First, the field of nursing was now open to women for the first time. Second, the enormous responsibilities undertaken by women during the war gave impetus to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women.

After Mason and Slidell were duly set free and sailed for Europe, what did they fail to obtain from either Britain or France?

Full recognition of the Confederacy from either Britain or France

Who replaced McClellan as the Union commander and what was his strategy?

General Ambrose Burnside; reckless attack

In the Election of 1864, who did the Democrats nominate?

General George McClellan whose platform calling for peace attracted war-weary voters

Who was responsible for Sherman's March and what occurred during the march?

General William Tecumseh Sherman; A force of 100,000 men under Sherman set out from Chattanooga, Tennessee on a campaign of deliberate destruction that went clear across the state of Georgia and then swept north into South Carolina

Who developed the Union's strategy and what did it call for?

General-in-Chief Winfield Scott, veteran of the 1812 and Mexican wars; ∙Use the U.S. Navy to blockade Southern ports (Anaconda Plan), preventing essential supplies from reaching Confederacy ∙Take control of the Mississippi River, dividing the Confederacy in two ∙Raise and train an army 500,000 strong to conquer Richmond

How did Union General Benjamin Butler take advantage of the first Confiscation Act passed by Congress in August 1861 which gave the power to seize enemy property used to wage war against the United States?

He refused to return captured slaves to their Confederate owners, arguing that they were "contraband of war"

Why did Lincoln remove McClellan for a final time as the Union commander?

He was disappointed with McClellan for failing to pursue Lee's weakened and retreating army

What was the purpose of Sherman's march?

Help to break the spirit of the Confederacy and destroy its will to fight on

What was the effect of the battle?

It ended the illusion of a short war and promoted the myth that the Rebels were invincible in battle.

What did the second Confiscation Act do?

It freed persons enslaved by anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States and empowered the president to use freed slaves in the Union army in any capacity, including battle.

What occurred in Fort Sumter?

Lincoln sent provisions of food to the small federal garrison in Charleston which was cut off from vital supplies and reinforcements by Southern control of the harbor. Doing so gave South Carolina the choice of either permitting the fort to hold out or open fire. South Carolina opened fire, beginning the war.

What were two factors that went into Britain's decision not to recognize the Confederacy?

One, General Lee's setback at Antietam did not provide a decisive Confederate military victory. Two, although conservative leaders of Britain were sympathetic to the Confederates, the British majority supported Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

What did Lee hope to achieve in Antietam?

Open recognition and aid from Britain

Why did Lincoln reject initial calls for the emancipation of slaves?

Partly to avoid alienating Unionists in the border states

What played a role in stimulating the economic growth of the North and the West and how?

Republic politics; the Republicans passed an ambitious economic program

What did the secession of the Southern states create?

Republican majorities in both houses of Congress

Where was the Confederate capital moved and what happened because of it?

Richmond, Virginia; the people of western Virginia remained loyal to the Union, and the region became a separate state in 1863

How did Lincoln demonstrate his use of executive power?

Right after the Fort Sumter crisis he (1) called for 75, 000 volunteers to put down the "insurrection" in the Confederacy, (2) authorized spending for a war, and (3) suspended the privilege of the writ habeas corpus.

Why didn't a shortage of Southern cotton bother Britain?

Shipments of cotton began arriving from Egypt and India. Also, materials other than cotton could be used for textiles (woolen and linen)

How did Southern governors respond to President Jefferson Davis' attempts to increase his executive powers during the war? Vice President Alexander H. Stephens?

Southern governors resisted attempts at centralization, some holding back troops and resources to protect their own states; Vice President Alexander H. Stephens, in defense of states' rights, even urged the secession of Georgia

What did Lincoln urge in his second inaugural address?

That the South be treated benevolently

What were some military advantages of the Confederacy?

The Confederacy only had a defensive war to win (while the Union had to conquer an area as large as Western Europe.) The Confederacy had a long, indented coastline that was difficult to blockade and most important, experienced military leaders and high troop morale.

Why did Antietam prove to be a decisive battle?

The Confederates failed to get what they so urgently needed--open recognition and aid from a foreign power. Lincoln used the partial triumph of the Union arms to announce plans for a direct assault on the institution of slavery.

What were the effects of the suspending of the writ of habeas corpus during the war on civilian life after the war?

The Court declared that such procedures could be used only when regular civilian courts were unavailable such as in the case of Ex Parte Milligan (1866)

What was the name of the Confederate's ironclad ship?

The Merrimac

During McClellan's Peninsula campaign, the Union's blockade strategy was placed in jeopardy by________.

The Merrimac that attacked and sunk several Union wooden ships on March 8, 1862 near Hampton Roads, Virginia

What was the name of the Union's ironclad ship?

The Monitor

What occurred just one day after the Union's wooden ships were sunk?

The Monitor engaged the Merrimac in a five-hour duel.

What did Confederate commerce-raiders accomplish which one of their merchant ships, the Alabama?

The capturing of more than 60 vessels before being sunk off the coast of France by a Union warship

Who aided Grant in taking control of the Mississippi River?

The U.S. Navy under David Farragut who captured New Orleans

How did Grant respond to a Confederate army under Albert Johnston surprising him at Shiloh, Tennessee?

The Union army held its ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after terrible losses on both sides

Because McClellan knew Lee's plans, what occurred?

The Union army intercepted the invading Confederates at Antietam Creek in the Maryland town of Sharpsburg, initiating the bloodiest single day of combat in the entire war where more than 22,000 soldiers were killed or wounded.

What was occurred after Virginia was invaded?

The Union army was stopped as a result of brilliant tactical moves by Confederate General Robert E. Lee, the commander of the South's eastern forces. After five months, McClellan was forced to retreat and was ordered back to the Potomac, where he was replaced by General John Pope

What were some economic advantages of the Union?

The Union dominated the nation's economy, controlling most of the banking and capital of the country, more than 85% of the factories, more than 70% of the railroads, and even 65% of the farmland. The skills of Northern clerks and bookkeepers proved valuable in the logistical support of large military operations.

What were some military advantages of the Union?

The Union had a population of 22 million against the Confederate's population of only 5.5 million free whites. The North's population was enhanced during the war by 800,000 immigrants and 180, 000 African Americans after the Emancipation. The Union could also count on a loyal U.S. Navy

What did the Confederates hope would happen in order for them to overcome their political disadvantage?

The Union would turn against Lincoln and the Republicans and quit the war because it was too costly

What were the effects of the draft and the exemption fee implemented during the war on civilian life after the war?

The draft was suspended

What was the Peninsula Campaign?

The invasion of Virginia in March 1862 by General George B. McClellan, the new commander of the Union army in the East, who had insisted that his troops be given a long period of training before going into battle.

What did Lincoln do on the first day of the new year?

The president issued his Emancipation Proclamation, freeing slaves in states that were in rebellion

Why did Lincoln want to keep the border states in the union?

Their loss would have increased the Confederate population by more than 50 percent and would have severely weakened the North's strategic position for conducting the war.

What was special about Greenbacks?

They could not be redeemed in gold, which contributed to creeping inflation

How did wealthy British industrialists and members of the British aristocracy feel about the breakup of the American democratic experiment?

They looked forward with pleasure

What did Peace Democrats and Copperheads believe and want?

They opposed war and wanted a negotiated peace

What was special about the national banking system in 1863?

This was the first unified banking network since Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter of the Bank of the United States in the 1830s.

How did slaves take advantage of the first Confiscation Act?

Thousands of "contrabands" were using their feet to escape slavery by finding their way into Union camps

Who used a combination of gunboats and army maneuvers to capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River (a branch of the Mississippi)?

Ulysses S. Grant

Why did Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky choose not to join the Confederacy?

Union sentiment in those states and partly the result of shrewd federal policies

Which states decided to seceded and join the Confederacy after it became clear that Lincoln would use troops in the crisis?

Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas

In what way did the duel mark a turning point in naval warfare?

Vulnerable wooden ships were replaced by more formidable ironclad ones.

The removal and imprisonment of Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell from a British steamer, the Trent, by a Union warship and the threat of war from Britain because of the incident was known as...?

the Trent Affair

What did the Republicans rename themselves in order to attract "War Democrats" (those who disagreed with the Democratic platform)?

the Unionist party

What did Britain agree to do after the war?

pay the United States $15.5 million for damages caused by the South's commerce raiders

What stood in the way of full emancipation?

phrases in the U.S. Constitution that had long legitimized slavery

Due to the little recognition they did receive, what were the Confederates able to purchase?

warships from British shipyards

What did this economic program include?

∙A national banking system ∙The Morrill Tariff Act (1861) raised tariff rates to increase revenue and protect American manufacturers ∙The Homestead Act (1862) promoted settlement of the Great Plains by offering parcels of 160 acres of public land free to any person or family that farmed that land for at least 5 years ∙The Morrill Land Grant Act (1862) encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges ∙The Pacific Railway Act (1862) authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the western territories with the eastern states

What other political effects did the civil war have?

∙The supremacy of the federal government over the states was accepted as an establish fact. ∙The abolition of slavery gave new meaning and legitimacy to the concept of American democracy

What were some ways the war was financed by the Union?

∙borrowed $2.6 billion (obtained through the sale of government bonds) ∙raised tariffs ∙excises taxes ∙instituted first income tax ∙U.S. Treasury also issued more than $430 million in a paper currency known as Greenbacks ∙created a national banking system in 1863

What were the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

∙freed only 1% of slaves (because it only applied to enslaved people residing in Confederate States outside Union control) ∙enlarged the purpose of the war (the union armies were fighting both against secession and slavery) ∙added weight to the Confiscation acts (with each advance of Northern troops into the south, abolition advanced as well) ∙authorized use of freed slaves as Union soldiers (increasing size of Union army by thousands)

What were some of the concerns Lincoln had regarding action against slavery?

∙keeping the support of the border states ∙the constitutional protections of slavery ∙the racial prejudice of many Northerners ∙fear that premature action could be overturned in the next election

How did the Confederacy attempt to overcome a shortage of money?

∙loans ∙income taxes ∙impressment of private property ∙issued $1 billion in paper money ∙nationalized railroads ∙encouraged industrial development

What were some of the differences between the U.S. Constitution and the Confederate Constitution?

∙provided a single six-year term for the president ∙gave the president an item veto (the power to veto only part of a bill) ∙denied the Confederate congress the powers to levy a protective tariff and to appropriate funds for internal improvements ∙prohibited the foreign slave trade