Chapter 14: Blood
List the three hemostatic mechanisms.
-blood clotting -vascular spasm -platelet plug formation
List three nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma.
-creatine -amino acids -urea
List two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.
-red blood cells -erythrocytes
List three functions of blood.
-transports body heat -prevents fluid loss -prevents infection
The _____ blood group includes the D antigen.
Rh
Which statement describes plasma proteins?
They are the most abundant solutes in plasma.
A transfusion reaction results in the clumping of red blood cells through a process called ______. An antibody molecule binds to antigens on several RBCs, binding them together.
agglutination or hemagglutination
Monocytes and lymphocytes are classified as ______.
agranulocytes
Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ______.
antigen or agglutinogens
In blood typing, "Rh" refers to one of several ______ located on red blood cell membranes.
antigens
The presence of ______ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type.
antigens
What is an antigen?
any molecule that triggers an immune response
Describe the shape of a red blood cell.
biconcave disc
The functions of ______ include coagulation (clotting), body defense (leukocytes and antibodies), and the transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
blood
Which of the following is the most effective in stopping the loss of blood?
blood clot formation
Oxyhemoglobin appears _____ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears _____.
bright red; darker red
The most effective hemostatic process is ______.
coagulation
Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and ______ are three hemostatic mechanisms.
coagulation
Blood is classified as what type of tissue?
connective
What determines a person's ABO blood type?
determined by the type of antigens on RBC surfaces
In which of the following situations would you expect agglutination to occur?
during a transfusion reaction
Plasma contains chemicals called ______, which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulfate ions.
electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are examples of ______ found in plasma.
electrolytes or ions
Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as ______.
erythrocytes or erythrocyte
In initiating hemostasis, what typically activates platelets?
exposed collagen
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are categorized as granulocytes since they contain cytoplasmic ______.
granules
Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils have granules in their cytoplasms, and are therefore classified as a type of leukocyte called
granulocytes or granulocyte
Leukocytes circulating in blood are divided into two categories: three cell types are classified as _____ (with markedly granular cytoplasm) and two cell types are classified as ______ (with less obvious cytoplasmic granules).
granulocytes; agranulocytes
Leukocytes with granular cytoplasm are called ______, while those without distinctly-staining granules are called ______.
granulocytes; agranulocytes
The term for the formation of blood cells is ______.
hematopoiesis
Which term is used for the process of forming blood cells?
hematopoiesis
The technical term for a white blood cell is ______.
leukocyte or leukocytes
The class of blood cells called ______ include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, ______, and ______.
leukocytes; eosinophils; basophils
Platelets are fragments of very large cells called ______.
megakaryocytes or megakaryocyte
Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include ______ and ______.
monocytes; lymphocytes
In plasma, substances such as urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine are examples of ______.
nonprotein nitrogenous substances
Which two are the most important blood gases?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
The most important blood gases are ______ and carbon dioxide.
oxygen or O2
As blood circulates, it transports inhaled __ from the lungs to body cells and __ from body cells to the lungs to be exhaled.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
Which is the bright red molecule formed when hemoglobin combines with oxygen?
oxyhemoglobin
When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it forms ______. When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it is called ______.
oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin
Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid extracellular matrix, called ______.
plasma
Name the liquid part of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended.
plasma
The clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of the blood, in which cells and platelets are suspended is called ______.
plasma
Within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called ______.
plasma
Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called ______.
platelets or thrombocytes
With an injury to a blood vessel wall, ______ in the plasma are activated, sticking to the exposed collagen in damaged blood vessel walls.
platelets or thrombocytes
In a healthy cardiovascular system, the endothelium is very smooth and coated with ______, which prevents adherence of platelets to the endothelium. Thus, unneeded blood clots do not form.
prostacyclin
The presence of a compound called ______ inhibits adherence of platelets to endothelial cells lining blood vessel walls.
prostacyclin
What is the primary function of leukocytes?
protect against disease
The most abundant solutes in plasma are ______.
proteins
A ______ blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disc.
red
Leukocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the ______.
red bone marrow
Leukocytes develop in ______ in response to various hormones.
red bone marrow
Which of the following best describes a vascular spasm?
short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss
What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?
vascular spasm
The ______ blood cells primarily function to protect the body against disease.
white or leukocyte