Chapter 14: Blood

List the three hemostatic mechanisms.

-blood clotting -vascular spasm -platelet plug formation

List three nonprotein nitrogenous substances found in plasma.

-creatine -amino acids -urea

List two names for the cells that transport oxygen in the blood.

-red blood cells -erythrocytes

List three functions of blood.

-transports body heat -prevents fluid loss -prevents infection

The _____ blood group includes the D antigen.

Rh

Which statement describes plasma proteins?

They are the most abundant solutes in plasma.

A transfusion reaction results in the clumping of red blood cells through a process called ______. An antibody molecule binds to antigens on several RBCs, binding them together.

agglutination or hemagglutination

Monocytes and lymphocytes are classified as ______.

agranulocytes

Any molecule that triggers an immune response is called a(n) ______.

antigen or agglutinogens

In blood typing, "Rh" refers to one of several ______ located on red blood cell membranes.

antigens

The presence of ______ on the surface of red blood cells determine blood type.

antigens

What is an antigen?

any molecule that triggers an immune response

Describe the shape of a red blood cell.

biconcave disc

The functions of ______ include coagulation (clotting), body defense (leukocytes and antibodies), and the transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

blood

Which of the following is the most effective in stopping the loss of blood?

blood clot formation

Oxyhemoglobin appears _____ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears _____.

bright red; darker red

The most effective hemostatic process is ______.

coagulation

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and ______ are three hemostatic mechanisms.

coagulation

Blood is classified as what type of tissue?

connective

What determines a person's ABO blood type?

determined by the type of antigens on RBC surfaces

In which of the following situations would you expect agglutination to occur?

during a transfusion reaction

Plasma contains chemicals called ______, which include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulfate ions.

electrolytes

Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are examples of ______ found in plasma.

electrolytes or ions

Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as ______.

erythrocytes or erythrocyte

In initiating hemostasis, what typically activates platelets?

exposed collagen

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are categorized as granulocytes since they contain cytoplasmic ______.

granules

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils have granules in their cytoplasms, and are therefore classified as a type of leukocyte called

granulocytes or granulocyte

Leukocytes circulating in blood are divided into two categories: three cell types are classified as _____ (with markedly granular cytoplasm) and two cell types are classified as ______ (with less obvious cytoplasmic granules).

granulocytes; agranulocytes

Leukocytes with granular cytoplasm are called ______, while those without distinctly-staining granules are called ______.

granulocytes; agranulocytes

The term for the formation of blood cells is ______.

hematopoiesis

Which term is used for the process of forming blood cells?

hematopoiesis

The technical term for a white blood cell is ______.

leukocyte or leukocytes

The class of blood cells called ______ include lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, ______, and ______.

leukocytes; eosinophils; basophils

Platelets are fragments of very large cells called ______.

megakaryocytes or megakaryocyte

Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include ______ and ______.

monocytes; lymphocytes

In plasma, substances such as urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine are examples of ______.

nonprotein nitrogenous substances

Which two are the most important blood gases?

oxygen and carbon dioxide

The most important blood gases are ______ and carbon dioxide.

oxygen or O2

As blood circulates, it transports inhaled __ from the lungs to body cells and __ from body cells to the lungs to be exhaled.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Which is the bright red molecule formed when hemoglobin combines with oxygen?

oxyhemoglobin

When hemoglobin combines with oxygen, it forms ______. When hemoglobin releases oxygen, it is called ______.

oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin

Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid extracellular matrix, called ______.

plasma

Name the liquid part of the blood in which the cells and platelets are suspended.

plasma

The clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of the blood, in which cells and platelets are suspended is called ______.

plasma

Within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called ______.

plasma

Cell fragments produced from megakaryocytes are called ______.

platelets or thrombocytes

With an injury to a blood vessel wall, ______ in the plasma are activated, sticking to the exposed collagen in damaged blood vessel walls.

platelets or thrombocytes

In a healthy cardiovascular system, the endothelium is very smooth and coated with ______, which prevents adherence of platelets to the endothelium. Thus, unneeded blood clots do not form.

prostacyclin

The presence of a compound called ______ inhibits adherence of platelets to endothelial cells lining blood vessel walls.

prostacyclin

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

protect against disease

The most abundant solutes in plasma are ______.

proteins

A ______ blood cell is shaped as a biconcave disc.

red

Leukocytes develop from hematopoietic stem cells in the ______.

red bone marrow

Leukocytes develop in ______ in response to various hormones.

red bone marrow

Which of the following best describes a vascular spasm?

short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss

What is the first response to a blood vessel injury?

vascular spasm

The ______ blood cells primarily function to protect the body against disease.

white or leukocyte