Chapter 14: European Exploration and Conquest (ce 1450-1650)
What are some causes for European expansion?
-the revival of population and economic activity in the 15th century - wanting to lead conquests and spread christianity, the -people wanted to make a profit - upper class found their political and economic opportunities limited
Who was Hernando Cortes?
A conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire led by Montezuma.
What is Ptolemy's Geography?
A second century C.E work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans about 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps
Why is the Indian Ocean the center of the Afroeurasian Trade World?
Because the Indian Ocean was the crossroads for trade between China, India, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe
What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do?
Divided the Atlantic Ocean with an imaginary line, giving Spain control of everything west of the line and Portugal everything east of the line.
How did Michel de Montaigne respond to the civil anarchy and war of the 16th century
He promoted skepticism and cultural relativism
How was William Shakespeare's work seen by his 16th and 17th century contemporaries?
He was seen as the master dramatist of his era
How did the European concept of slavery change from the 15th century to the 17th century?
It shifted from a system with a small number of saves mostly from Southeastern Europe to a system heavily dependant on African agricultural slave labor
What place did sugar have in European society before the 15th century?
It was a luxury product available to only a few
Who was Francisco Pizarro?
Led conquest of Inca Empire of Peru beginning in 1535
The group of people who benefited the most from large price increases in the 16t century was the
Merchant (middle) class
Which European power colonized Brazil?
Portugal
What was the relationship between technological changes in ships and 15th century European exploration?
Portuguese shipbuilders developed caravels to make long-distance trade more profitable
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New Worlds.
What are viceroyalties?
The name for the four administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, and La Plata
What is the Inca Empire?
The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak from 1438 until 1532
How did China take lead in exploration in the first half of the 15th century?
They opened their borders to Europe and sent Admiral Zheng on expeditions along trade routes
What is the "essay" created by Montaigne?
a genre that reflects on Montaigne's readings of ancient texts, his experience as a government official, and his own moral judgement
Columbus' arrival in the Americas changed the European Economy in all of the following ways EXCEPT -Much of the European international trade attention shifted from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic -New plants changed agriculture in Europe -For the first time Europeans had access and participated in the slave trade -Conquest brought new wealth and territorial expansion to European States
for the first time Europeans ad access and participated in the slave trade
Why does China abandon their maritime expeditions?
growing conflicts in China's court and the death of their Emperor
During the late Middle Ages, what place did Europeans occupy in the global trading system?
important middlemen
Which product most increased the demand for cheap labor in the form of slavery?
sugar
The increase religion fervor that helped spur exploration was n response to:
the reconquista of Spain by Ferdinand and Isabella
What was the role of Native American Women to Europeans in the New World?
they acted as translators, guides, and helped make alliances with other tribes
What is a caravel?
A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade
Which European nation was an early leader in West African and Indian Ocean exploration?
Portugal
What is the encomienda system?
A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians in exchange for providing food, shelter, and Christian teaching
What is the Mexica Empire?
Also known as the Aztec Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced mathematical, astronomical, and engineering technology
What appeal did spices have for Europeans by the 15th century?
Europeans used spices as trade goods to obtain slaves and gold in Africa
What generated the bulk of Spanish wealth in the Americas?
Gold and silver taken from mines
When Vasco de Gama arrived in the Indian Ocean, how did he navigate these unknown waters?
He hired an Indian pilot as his guide
The role of Europe in International Trade before 1400 would most accurately be described as:
Minor- They had very few products wanted in international markets
What distinguished the relationship to animals of nearly all Native Americans from that of Europeans?
Most Native Americans did not use domestic animals as food or beasts of burden
In what ways were native women essential to the development of 16th-17th century European colonies in the Americas?
Native women were frequently relied upon to serve as translators and guides for explorers
Who authorized the slave trade?
Spanish Emperor Charles V
What is a conquistador?
Spanish for "conqueror"; Spanish soldier-explorers, such as Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish Crown
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
The 1494 agreement giving Spain everything to the west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east
Who helped move slaves from Africa to the New World?
The Dutch West Indian Company
Prior to 1450 most Afroeurasian Trade revolved around:
The Indian Ocean and The Mediterranean Sea
How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
The great distance of the Pacific convinced the Spanish to abandon efforts to trade in Asia and develop their American colonies instead
What was the primary cause of the emergence of inflation in Spain in the 16th century?
The inability of Spanish agriculture and manufacturing to meet the growing demand for goods
What role did Persian merchants play in global trade during the 15th century?
They traded over great distances
Which of the following was an empire NOT conquered or influenced by the Spanish or Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries - India - Turkey -Mexica -India
Turkey