Chapter 14 (Final Review) - Medical Microbiology

Describe three modes of disease transmission.

-Contact Transmission -Air-borne Transmission -Vector Transmission

Contrast iatrogenic and nosocomial diseases.

-Iatrogenic disease: doctor induced infection -Nosocomial disease: infections from normal flora within the patient that became ill because of factors within the health care facility

List in the correct sequence five stages of infectious diseases.

-Incubation Period -Prodromal Period -Illness -Decline -Convalescence

Contrast the terms infection and morbidity.

-Infection is the process of invasion of a pathogen -Morbidity is any change from a state of health

List Koch's four postulates, and describe situations in which not all may be applicable.

-Suspected agent must be present in every case of disease -Agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture -Cultured agent must cause the disease when it is inoculated into healthy, susceptible experimental host -Same agent must be reisolated from the diseased experimental host

Which of the following phrases describes a contagious disease?

A disease that is passed from the host to host in aerosols

The nature of bacterial capsules

Affects the virulence of these bacteria

Which of the following types of epidemiologists is most like a detective?

An analytical epidemiologist

Infections that may go unnoticed due to the absence of symptoms are called

Asymptomatic infections

The study of where and when disease occur and how they are transmitted within populations is

Epidemiology

The study of the cause of a disease is

Etiology

Nonliving reservoirs of disease, such as a toothbrush, drinking glass, and needle are called

Fomites

Which of the following statements is the best definition of a pandemic disease?

It is an epidemic that occurs on more than one continent at the same time

A disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active is termed a(n)

Latent disease

Endotoxin, also known as _______ is part of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Lipid A

When pathogenic bacterial cells lose the ability to make adhesins, they typically

Become avirulent

An animal that carries a pathogen and also serves as host for the pathogen is a

Biological vector

An anemic environment is one that

Contains only one species

Diseases that are naturally spread from their usual animal hosts to humans are called

Zoonoses

_______ infections are those acquired by patients or staff while in health care facilities.

Nosocomial

Which of the following are most likely to cause disease?

Opportunistic pathogens in a weakened host

A microbe that causes disease is a

Pathogen

Describe the parental route of infection.

Pathogen that enters the body by cuts, bites, stab wounds, etc.

The total number of cases of a disease in a given area is its

Prevalence

In general, contrast transient microbiota with resident microbiota.

-Transient Microbiota are found in the same location as resident microbiota, but they do not remain there for long due to competition with other organisms. -Resident Microbiota are part of the normal microbiota that will not harm

List three portals through which pathogens enter the body

-skin -mucous membrane -placenta

The process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells is

Adhesion

A patient contracted athlete's foot after long-term use of a medication. His physician explained that the malady was directly related to the medication. Such infections are termed

Iatrogenic infections

List three conditions that create opportunities for pathogens to become harmful in a human.

Immunosuppression New Normal microbiota on unusual site on body Changes in Normal Microbiota

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in infectious diseases?

Incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Consider the following the case. An animal was infected with a virus. A mosquito bit the animal, was contaminated with the virus, and proceeded to bite and infect a person. Which was the vector?

Mosquito

Which of the following is FALSE concerning microbial contaminants?

Most microbial contaminants will eventually cause harm

In which type of symbiosis do both members benefit from their interaction?

Mutualism

List three types of symbiotic relationships, give an example of each

Mutualism: Bacteria in the colon Commensalism: Staphylococcus epidermidis (on skin; doesn't cause harm) Parasitism: Ticks on humans cause infection

The most frequent portal of entry for pathogens is-

The respiratory act