Chapter 14 - Homework

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Drag and drop each item to the appropriate bin. (1/2)

Carbohydrates -Animal sources include lactose in milk and glycogen in meat. -Monosaccharides are sugars, and polysaccharides include starch. -This group includes the preferred fuel source in all cells of the body. Lipids -Most of what we eat from this group is classified as neutral fats (triglycerides). -Cholesterol, in this group, is used to make steroid hormones and cell membranes.

Select the option that correctly matches the organ of the GI tract with its function:

Esophagus; connects the pharynx to the stomach.

Which of these is an example of mechanical digestion?

chewing

Which of these stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder?

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which of the following enzymes could be a contributor to pancreatitis?

chymotrypsin

A 45-year-old female with a history of alcoholism and high blood pressure presents with yellow eyes and skin. She has been drinking since the age of 14. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause for this patient's jaundice?

cirrhosis

Which of these are broken down by brush border enzymes?

disaccharides

A serious, inflammatory condition in which the colon mucosa protrudes through the colon wall is called __________.

diverticulitis

Which of the following is, essentially, reverse peristalsis?

emesis

Which of the following refers to the death of chilled skin or possible loss of extremities?

frostbite

Which of these organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?

gallbladder

What hormone secreted by the duodenum inhibits secretion of gastric juices and stimulates the release of insulin?

gastric inhibitory peptide

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

mitochondrion

What term refers to alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract that propel food along the tract?

peristalsis

Which of these is a substrate for amylase?

starch

Which of the following teeth are most likely to become impacted and require surgical removal?

third molars

Amelie has hypothyroidism. What hormone supplement will improve Amelie's condition?

thyroxine

What hormone is most responsible for determining the basal metabolic rate?

thyroxine

Which organ produces enzymes that chemically digest every category of food?

Pancreas

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

Which statement describes glycolysis?

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

What is the end product of protein digestion?

amino acids

Select the options that correctly match the gastric gland cell with its secretion.

-Chief cells; pepsinogen. -Parietal cells; hydrochloric acid.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding energy balance in the body?

-Energy balance occurs when energy intake equals total energy output. -Energy intake increases when more food is consumed.

Which of these carries excess cholesterol from body cells to the liver?

HDL

What are the four tissue layers of the wall of a GI tract organ, starting with the layer closest to the lumen?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.

Drag and drop each item to the appropriate bin. (2/2)

Proteins -Eggs, milk, meat, and fish provide a complete source of this nutrient group. -Molecules in this group are composed of amino acids. Vitamins and minerals -A balanced diet is needed to get all of these nutrients, used mostly as coenzymes. -This group includes inorganic nutrients found mostly in vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meats.

What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the stomach?

Simple columnar epithelium.

In peritonitis, the peritoneal membranes stick together at the site of infection. What function does this serve?

The peritoneal membranes' sticking together helps to prevent the infection from spreading.

Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.

a) Eating food provides fuel and building blocks for your body b) After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transported to cells via the circulatory system c) Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle) d) ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain

a) _____ : secreted by cells within the stomach, stimulates stomach activity b) _____ : causes the liver to produce more bile and stimulates pancreatic secretion c) _____ : causes the gall bladder to contract and stimulates pancreatic secretion

a) Gastrin b) Secretin c) Cholecystokin

a) The fold of membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth is the _____. b) The stomach hormone that stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion is called _____. c) The formation of glycogen from glucose is called _____. d) The tiny projections on intestinal cells that increase surface area are _____. e) Salivary glands located under the tongue are _____ salivary glands.

a) lingual frenulum b) gastrin c) glycogenesis d) microvilli e) sublingual

a) The prefix _____ means "below" or "under." b) The prefix _____ means "tiny." c) The prefix _____ means "tongue." d) The prefix _____ means "stomach." e) The prefix _____ means "sugar."

a) sub- b) micro- c) lingu- d) gastr- e) glyco-

When blood glucose level is low, the liver can make glucose from amino acids and fats. What is this process called?

gluconeogenesis

What fuel is preferred by most body cells to produce ATP?

glucose

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

glycolysis

Winston was running a marathon on a hot day in July. He was close to the finish line when he collapsed. His body temperature increased, his blood pressure dropped, and he was perspiring. Winston was suffering from __________.

heat exhaustion

What part of the brain maintains body temperature?

hypothalamus

What structure controls the movement of chyme from the small intestine to the large intestine?

ileocecal valve

Where is most of your food digested?

in the small intestine

Which is a function of saliva?

inhibits bacterial growth in the oral cavity

What accessory organ produces bile?

liver

What organ manufactures and stores most of the body's glycogen as a ready source of glucose?

liver

Which of these is found in saliva?

lysozyme

Which of these is secreted by the pancreas?

trypsin