Chapter 14 learn smart
have granular cytoplasm, short life spans avg. about 12 hours.
2 characteristics of granulocytes
limits self repair, prevents cell from dividing in the future
2 effects of the loss of a nucleus from a RBC
sodium, calcium, bicarbonate, potassium
4 of the electrolytes that are found in the plasma
hematopoietic growth factors
As hematopoietic stem cells divide, the new cells, myeloid and lymphoid stem cells, respond to different secreted growth factors, called ________, that turn on some genes and turn off others.
connective tissue
Blood is classified as what type of tissue?
blood contents
Its cells include red blood cells and white blood cells. Blood also contains cellular fragments called platelets. The cells and platelets are termed "formed elements" of the blood, in contrast to the liquid portion. --FIGURE 14.1 Blood consists of a liquid portion called plasma and a solid portion (the formed elements) that includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
the percentages of each type of leukocytes within a sample
What is a differential white blood cell count?
thrombocytes
What is another name for platelets?
Albumin
What is the most abundant type of plasma protein?
Red bone marrow
What is the primary location for erythropoiesis in adults
oxygen
anemia is a class of conditions that have one thing in common: the blood can't carry enough ______
antigen
any molecule that triggers an immune response
HIV or Aids
decrease in lymphocytes
bacterial infection
increase in neutrophils
thrombopoietin
megakaryocytes, and therefore platelets, develop in response to what hormone
polycythemia (poly-many)
overproduction of red blood cells
bright red; darker red
oxyhemoglobin appears ______ in color; deoxyhemoglobin appears _________.
hematocrit (hema-blood)
percentage of red blood cells in a given volume of blood
55
plasma comprises about _____% of the blood's volume
Blood volume
typically about 8% of body weight, although that relationship varies with percent adipose tissue. An average size adult has about 5 liters.
blood clot formation
what is effective in stopping the loss of blood.
presence of infection
what is suggested by an increased white blood cell count?
sodium
what is the most abundant cation found in the blood
protect against disease
what is the primary function of leukocytes
formation of blood clot
what is the result of the process of coagulation
Leukocytosis
what is the term for the condition in which there are too many WBCs
reduced red blood cell count
what situation would reduce the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
chloride
which anion is the most abundant in blood.
3 main events of hemostasis
1. blood vessel spasm 2. platelet plus formation 3. coagulation
3 characteristics of platelets
1. capable of ameboid movement 2. they are less than half the size of RBCs 3. They live for about 10 days
events in the life cycle of red blood cells
1. erythropoiesis takes place in the red bone marrow 2. red blood cells are released in the blood stream and live for approx. 120 days 3. RBCs are destroyed by macrophages in liver and spleen 4. Hemoglobin liberated is broken down into heme and globin 5. iron is transported to bone marrow and recycled: billiverdin and billirubin are excreted.
lymphocytes, monocytes
Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include ____ and ______.
electrolytes, water, hormones
List 3 components of plasma
hemoglobin
RBCs are red because they contain an abundance of the pigment protein called _______.
cell division
Red blood cells lack a nucleus. Which cell function is most dramatically affected by this.
erythrocytes
Red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout the body, are also known as ______
True
T/F plasma accounts for about 75% of the blood volume
FALSE
T/F: white blood cells and platelets comprise about 90% of blood volume
hemoglobin
The blood protein that is made up of four globin chains and four heme groups is
negative
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) controls the rate of red blood cell formation through ______ feedback
lymphocytes
The major types of ____ are T-cells and B-cells, both important in immunity
A and B antigens
The most common type of blood typing test is based on the presence or absence of which erythrocyte-bound antigens?
positive chemotaxis
The process called ______ results in leukocytes being attracted to a site of tissue damage. They are attracted by chemicals released by damaged cells.
hemostasis
The term ____ is a general term that means the cessation (or stoppage) of bleeding
hematocrit
The term ____, or packed cell volume (pcv), refers to the percentage of RBCs in a volume of blood. The typical value for this is about 45%
Diapedesis
The term _____ describes the movement of white blood cells (leukocytes) out of a blood vessel by squeezing between the cells of the blood vessel wall.
3 characteristics of erythrocytes (RBCs)
They are bioncave discs, They are specialized for carrying oxygen, They lack mitochondria
Blood overview
This complex mixture of cells, cell fragments, and dissolved biochemicals carries nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones; helps maintain the stability of the intestinal fluid; and distributes heat. The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular system and link the body's internal and external environments.
monocytes
WBCs called ______ migrate into tissues and become macrophages which phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
amino acids, iron
What 2 products of RBC destruction are recycled for use in a new RBC
by type of antigen(s) on RBCs surfaces
What determines a person's ABO blood type?
embolus
a blood clot (or fragment of a blood clot) that breaks free and travels in the blood stream is called a(n) ______
anemia
a generalized condition in which there is too little hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is called _______
Billiverdin
a greenish pigment that is eventually converted into an orange pigment or secreted into bile
neutrophil
a multilobed nucleus is typical of which leukocyte
blood
a type of connective tissue whose cells are suspended in a liquid extracellular matrix
hemostatic mechanisms
blood clotting, vascular spasm, platelet plug formation
globin
broken down into amino acids and recycled
simple sugars (glucose), nucleotides, amino acids, lipids
four types of nutrients present in the plasma
hemocytoblasts
hematopoietic stem cells, also called ________, are responsible for the production of all formed elements of the blood.
red bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells, or hemocytoblasts, are responsible for the production of all formed elements. Where are these cells located?
myeloid; lymphoid
hemocytoblasts divide, giving rise to cells called ____ stem cells and _____ stem cells
erythropoietin
in low oxygen conditions, the kidneys secrete the hormone __________, which functions to increase red blood cell production.
parasitic infection or allergic reaction
increase in eosinophils
Hematopoiesis
is the formation of blood cells. Blood cells originate in red bone marrow from Page 532. hematopoietic stem cells, also known as hemocytoblasts (he″mo-si′to-blastz)
3 items that describe plasminogen
it binds to fibrin stands within a clot, it is a plasma protein, when activated, it is converted plasmin
granulocytes; agranulocytes
leukocytes circulating in blood are divided into two categories: three cell types are classified as _______ (with markedly granular cytoplasm) and two cell types are classified as ________ (with less obvious cytoplasmic granules)
colony-stimulating factors; interleukins
leukocytes develop from hemopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow in response to hormones called _____ and _________.
red bone marrow
leukocytes develop in _____ in response to various hormones
four functions of plasma proteins
maintenance of blood pH, maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, maintenance of osmotic pressure, transport of nutrient molecules
antibodies
molecules produced during immune responses that attack antigens are called __________.
iron
mostly recycled to the bone marrow
iron
name the nutrient that is critical for hemoglobin synthesis
carbon dioxide, oxygen
name the two blood gases that are most important to homeostasis.
Platelets
name the type of formed element that is important in the repair of damaged blood vessels
anticoagulants, coagulants
normally, without the presence of an injury, _____are more abundant than _____; therefore the blood does not clot
Describing plasma proteins
not ordinarily used as a source of energy, most abundant of the dissolved substances in the plasma, remain in the blood and interstitial fluid.
amoeboid
once outside the blood vessels, leukocytes move through the interstitial spaces using a form of self-propulsion called _________ motion
macrophages
once red blood cells become damaged, cells called macrophages phagocytize and destroy them, primarily the liver and spleen.
billirubin
orange pigment that is secreted into bile or excreted by kidneys
megakaryocytes
platelets are fragments of cells. They are fragments of very large cells called _______.
anemia
sometimes vegetarians don't take in enough dietary iron. This could cause a condition called iron-deficiency anemia
Creatinine
source- creatine metabolism
uric acid
source- nucleic acid catabolism
urea
source- protein catabolism
macrophages; old erythrocytes
the spleen and liver contain _____ that remove ______ from blood.
leukocytosis
the term for white blood cell count above 10,500 cell per microliter is _________
eosinophil
the type of leukocyte with bi-lobed nucleus and large deep red granules in a(n)
two characteristics of neutrophils
they phagocytize bacteria, fungi and some viruses, they are most abundant leukocytes in a typical blood sample (account for 54-62% of leukocytes in a typical blood sample.)
fibrinogen
which molecule is the precursor to fibrin
-lys
which of the following root words means "to break up"
Macro-
which root word means "large"
leukocyte
white blood cell
plasma
within the circulation, ____ is a complex cell-free solution of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones, and gases
plasma
within the circulation, formed elements are suspended in liquid called _______
