chapter 14 musculoskeletal system
the initial goal of fracture treatment is to bring the ends of the bone at the break back opposite each other so that they fit together as they did in the original bone. this is called (alignment).
(External manipulation) is used frequently. the bone is pulled from the distal end back into alignment. this process is called (reduction). Anesthesia may be used.
ulnar (adj)
(artery, vein, nerve) named after it
these cells, which maintain the matrix, reside in small spaces in the matrix called (lacunae)
(osteoclasts) are produced by the bone marrow.
(Osteoporosis) results from a loss of bone density, when the rate of bone (resorption) exceeds the rate of bone (formation). it is more common in women than in men, and its incidence increases with age.
(osteomyelitis) is an inflammation of an area of bone due to bacterial infection, usually with a staphylococcus. Untreated tuberculosis can spread from its original infection in the lungs to bones via the bloodstream to produce tuberculous osteomyelitis.
*plates- extended along both or all fragments of bone and held in place by screws,
*Rods- can be inserted through the medullary cavity of both fragments to align the bones.
*arthrocentesis-withdrawal of fluid from a joint through a needle. (the suffix-centesis means to puncture.)
*arthrodesis-fixation or stiffening of a joint by surgery. (the suffix-desis means to fuse together.)
*arthrography-an e-ray of a joint taken after the injection of a constrast medium into the joint. a contrast medium makes the inside details of the joint visible (the suffix-graphy means process of recording.)
*arthroplasty-surgery to restore as far as possible the function of a joint. it often involves a toatal replacement of the joint (the suffix-plasty means surgical repair.)
*movement. Muscles could not function without their attachments to skeletal bones, and muscles are responsible for your movements.
*blood formation. Bone marrow in many bones is the major producer of blood cells, including most of those in your immune system
*mineral storage and balance.- the skeletal system stores calcium and phosphorus. these are released when your body needs them for other purposes. for example, calcium is needed for muscle contraction, communication between neurons
*detoxification- bones remove metals such as lead and calcium from your blood, store them, and slowly release them for excretion.
*screws- can be used on their own as well as with plates; they are probably the most common form of internal fixation
*pins- a long, thick metal pin can be driven down the shaft of a bone from one end.
*ligaments support and hold your bones together.
*protection. the skull protects your brain. the vertebral column protects your spinal cord. the rib cage protects your heart and lungs
*support- the bones of your vertebral column, Pelvis, and legs hold up your body. the jawbone supports your teeth. cartilage supports your nose, ears, and ribs.
*tendons- support and attach your muscles to bone
step four: osteoblasts continue to produce bone cells. they produce compact bone and fuse the bone segments together.
*uncomplicated fractures take 8 to 12 weeks to heal.
-internal fixation- with materials such as stainless steel and titanium, which are compatible with tissues, enables the patient to return to function quicker and reduces the incidence of (nonunion) and (malunion) (improper healing). the types of internal fixation are
*wires- used as sutures to "sew" the bone fragments together, this method is often used in the hand.
The axial skeleton comprises the
- vertebral column -skull -rib cage the axial skeleton is the upright axis of the body and protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs-most of the major centers of our physiology.
The elbow joint has two Articulations:
--- A hinge joint between the humerus and Ulna bone of the forearm, which alls flexion and extension of the elbow. ---A gliding joint between the humerus and Radius bone of the forearm, which allows pronation and supination of the forearm and hand. --- A joint capsule and ligaments hold the two articulations together.
Lesson 14.14 Common Disorders of the shoulder
--- Rotator cuff tears are the result of the wear and tear of overuse in work situations or in sports actions such as the throwing done by baseball pitchers. Tears can be partial or complete and usually require surgical repair. ---Shoulder Separation is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint, usually due to a fall on the point of the shoulder.
**parietal bones
--- form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium.
**deconstruct the term interphalangeal
--- inter-phalang-e-al
Disorders of and injuries to the hard are among the most common reasons for office and Emergency Department visits and for ambulatory surgical procedures. --the complex structure of the hand has evolved in response to the complicated and often very fine movements that modern-day activities require the hand to perform. Examples are making jewelry, repairing a watch, and sewing an artery or nerve back together when you look at the (Palmar) surface of your hand, at the base of the thumb is a prominent pad of muscles called the (thenar eminence) A smaller pad of muscles at the base of the little finger is called the (hypothenar eminence) The back of the hand is called the (dorsum.)
--- the five fingers of one hand together have 14 bones called (phalanges.) the thumb has two phalanges. The remaining four fingers have three each. In the palm of the hand, the five bones proximal to the fingers are (metacarpals) which connect at the wrist to eight small (carpal) bones. these in turn connect the hand to the bones of the forearm. All these bones require numerous joints with ligaments to connect and stabilize them. The movements of the hand are accomplished by three sets of muscles and tendons:
**temporal
----bone that forms part of the base and sides of the skulls.
**how many bones are in the vertebral column?
---26
**the vertebral column is divided into ..... regions?
---5
**The cervical region of the vertebral column includes vertebrae........
---C1-C7
**abbreviation for a painful nerve entrapment syndrome of the wrist and hand
---CTS carpal tunnel syndrome
**An exaggerated thoracic curvature, often seen osteoporotic elders, is called??
---Kyphosis
Surgical Procedures of the Hand:
---Reattachment of amputated fingers is performed frequently. The bones are rejoined with plates, wires, or screws. The tendons are reconstructed. Nerves and blood vessels are joined back together by using microsurgical instruments.
**the .... vertebrae articulate with the ribs=
---The (Thoracic) vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
**Vertebrae are 26 bones that comprise the........... ............
---The vertebral column
**the twelve vertebrae that are found in the upper and middle back region.....
---Thoracic
**Th.... vertebrae articulate with the ribs
---Thoracic region, with 12 vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12 and curved posteriorly
5. the buccinator, which compresses the cheek against the teeth during chewing.
---abbreviations: TMJ: temporomandibular joint
** The thorax is the part of the trunk between the ..... and neck
---abdomen
**where is the acetabulum located?
---at the hip joint
**Ethmoid
---bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells
Deconstruct the term brachioradialis
---brachi-o-radial-is
** in the term avascular necrosis, what does necrosis mean?
---death
* Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
---develops similarly on the front of the wrist as a result of inflammation and swelling of tendon sheaths arising from overuse of repetitive movements, such as those in computer keyboard operation. The swelling compresses the Median Nerve between the carpal bones and the retinaculum. This causes "pins and needles" or pain and loss of muscle power in the thumb side of the hand.
**Temporal bones
---form the sides and part of the base of the cranium
**sphenoid bone
---forms part of the base of the cranium and the orbits.
**ethmoid bone
---forms parts of the nose and the orbits and is hollow, forming the ethmoid sinuses.
**occipital bone
---forms the back of and part of the base of the cranium
**frontal bone
---forms the forehead and the roofs of the orbits and contains a pair of right and left frontal sinuses above the orbits.
**an increase in size due to cellular enlargement, as in muscle size is?
---hypertrophy
**which of the following prefixes means between
---inter
**which of the following prefixes means between? -intra -inter -epi -meta
---inter
** An abnormal anterior lumbar spine curvature resulting in a sway back is called...
---lordosis
**Mandible
---lower jawbone
**the pelvic girdle provides attachment for the......
---lower limbs
**the lower jawbone is the .....
---mandible
** the..... bones form the upper jaw
---maxillary
**temporalis muscle
---muscle attached to temporal bone that opens and closes the jaw
** In the word fibromyalgia, what does the suffix mean?
---pain
**Mandibular (adj)
---pertaining to the mandible
**pterygoid
---pterygoid muscles are two wing-shaped muscles that open and close the mouth
**Deconstruct the term retinaculum
---retinacul-um
**in the word atrophy, what does the prefix mean and what does root mean>
---the prefix means without, and the root means nourishment.
**Parietal
---the two bones forming the sidewalls and roof of the cranium
** surgical removal of the thymus gland is?
---thymectomy
**sphenoid
---wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
**The back of the cranium is formed by the.... bone
--occipital bone
* the four components of the skeletal system
-bones -cartilage -tendons -ligaments
The vertebral column-has 26 bones divided into five regions
-cervical region, with seven vertebrae, labeled c1 to c7 and curved anteriorly. -Thoracic region, with 12 vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12 and curved posteriorly. -Lumbar region, with five vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5 and curved anteriorly. Sacral region, with one bone curved posteriorly -Coccyx (tailbone), with one bone curved posteriorly.
-traction-the gentle but continuous application of a pulling force that can align a fracture, reduce muscle spasm, and relieve pain.
-external fixators- by which the bone fragments are secured to a strong external steel rod or plate by means of steel pins that attach the plate or rod to the bone .
In (external fixation), the alignment is maintained by immobilizing the bone through the use of:
-plaster and fiberglass casts. -splints
1. the Masseter, which raises the jawbone and controls the rate at which you lower it
2. the Temporalis, a fan-shaped muscle that raises the jawbone
the vertebral column has............. bones, and is divided into fiver regions.
26 bones
the quadriceps femoris has... heads
4
3. the medial pterygoid, which closes the jaw and moves it from side to side
4. the Lateral pterygoid, which opens the mouth and moves the jawbone from side to side. the pterygoid muscles are hidden behind the mandible
*Bones, Joints, and Muscles of Mastication
===the (temporomandibular joint (TM) connects the condyle of the mandible to a fossa in the temporal bone at the base of the skull. The joint acts like a hinge when you open and close your mouth. -the muscle you use to chew food include
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory disease that can affect many joints, causing deformity and disability. In the hand deformities of RA, swelling of the (metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints with (ulnar deviation) of the fingers, are shown. The disease process initially causes inflammation of the synovial membrane and then spreads to all other parts of the joint.
Abbreviations: DJD- degenerative joint disease MCP- metacarpophalangeal OA-osteoarthritis OR-operating room PIP- proximal interphalangeal PT-physiotherapy RA-rheumatoid arthritis THR-total-hip replacement
* The Spinal Cord lies protected in the vertebral canal
Abnormal spinal curvatures can result from disease, poor posture, or congenital defects in the vertebrae.
the abbreviation for a painful nerve entrapment syndrome of the wrist and hands is
CTS- carpal tunnel syndrome
the abbreviation for a painful nerve entrapment syndrome of the wrist and hands is
CTS- carpal tunnel sydrome
* Abbreviations
DC-doctor of chiropractic DO-doctor of osteopathy MD-doctor of medicine
meniscus menisci (pl)
Disc of connective tissue cartilage between the bones of a joint, for example, in the knee joint
sphenoid bone-forms part of the base of the cranium and the orbits
Ethmoid bone- forms parts of the nose and the orbits and is hollow, forming the ethmoid sinuses,
Lesson 14.14
Ligament strains and Bone Fractures due to a heavy fall or a blow to the elbow are also common injuries
A larger partial or complete tear leads to loss of function with difficulty in walking and no ability to "push off"
Plantar fasciitis is the overstretching or tearing of the dense sheet of fascia that supports the arch of the foot. If the plantar fascia is weak, pes planus (flatfoot) can be present
Occipital bone- forms the back of and part of the base of the cranium.
Temporal bones (2) form the sides and part of the base of the cranium
**The temporomandibular joint (TM) connects the condyle of the mandible to a fossa in the temporal bone at the base of the skull. The joint acts like a hinge when you open and close your mouth.
The muscles you use to chew food include: --- the masseter, which raises the jawbone and controls the rate at which you lower it --- the temporalis, a fan-shaped muscle that raises the jawbone ---the medial pterygoid, which closes the jaw and moves it from side to side ---the lateral pterygoid, which opens the mouth and moves the jawbone from side to side The pterygoid muscles are hidden behind the mandible --- The buccinator, which compresses the cheek against the teeth during chewing.
which of the following prefixes means without: -con -a -hyper -poly
a
closed fracture (opposite of open)
a bone is broken but the skin over it is intact.
complete
a bone is broken into at least two fragments.
closed
a bone is broken, but the skin is not broken
complete fracture
a bone is fractured into two separate peices
phalanx phalanges (plural)
a bone of a finger or toe
bursa
a closed sac containing synocial fluid
bursa
a closed sac containing synovial fluid
metatarsus
a collective term referring to the five parallel bones of the foot between the tarsus and phalanges
pelvis pelvic (adj)
a cup-shaped ring of bone; also a cup-shaped cavity, as in the pelvis of the kidney
oblique fracture
a diagonal fracture across the long axis of the bone
oblique
a diagonal fracture runs across the long axis of the bone
spiral fracture
a fracture in the shape of a coil
impacted fracture
a fracture in which one bone fragment is driven into the other
greenstick fracture
a fracture in which one side of the bone is partially broken and the other side is ben. occurs mostly in children
comminuted fracture
a fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces
displaced fracture
a fracture in which the fragments are separated and are not in alignment
transverse fracture
a fracture perpendicular to the long axis of the bone
linear fracture
a fracture running parallel to the length of the bone
incomplete fracture
a fracture that does not extend across the bone, as in a hairline fracture
hairline fracture
a fracture without separation of the fragments
open
a fragment of the fractured bone breaks the skin, or a wound extends to te site of the fracture.
xenograft heterograft (syn)
a graft from another species
heterograft xenograft (syn)
a graft using tissue taken from another species
autograft
a graft using tissue taken from the individual who is receiving the graft
eminence
a higher place or part
articulation articulate (verb)
a joint
sarcoma
a malignant tumor originating in connective tissue
endosteum
a membrane of tissue lining the inner (medullary) cavity of a long bone
biceps brachii
a muscle of the upper arm that has two heads or points of origin on the scapula
kyphosis kyphotic (adj)
a normal posterior curve of the thoracic spine that can be exaggerated in disease
deformity
a permanent structural deviation from the normal
amputee (noun)
a person with an amputation
traction
a pulling or dragging force
synchondrosis synchondroses (pl)
a rigid articulation (joint) formed by cartilage
separation (adj)
a shoulder separation is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint
what is the difference between a muscle strain and a muscle sprain?
a sprain is a stretch or tear of a ligament; a strain is a stretch in the muscle or tendon.
alignment
a state of being in the correct position in relation to other structures
interosseous
a structure between bones, such as the muscles between the metacarpals
bunion
a swelling at the base of the big toew
prednisone
a synthetic corticosteroid
dupuytren contracture
a thickening and shortening of fibrous bands in the palm of the hand
deviation
a turning aside from a normal course
inversion invert (verb)
a turning inward
deconstruct the term achondroplasia?
a-chonr-o-plasia
deconstruct the term alignment
a-lign-ment
movement away from the midline is -adduction -circumduction -abduction -transduction
abduction
abduction and adduction of joints
abduction away from the midline. (adduction) is movement toward the midline. abduction of your arm is movining it sideways away from your trunk. adduction is bringing it back to the side of your trunk. abduction of your fingers is spreading them apart, away from the middle finger. adduction is bringing them back together.
instability
abnormal tendency of a joint to partially or fully dislocate
the... forms the socket that receives the head of the femur.
acetabulum
Deconstruct the term acromioclavicular
acromi-o-clavicul-ar
deconstruct the term acromioclavicular
acromi-o-clavicul-ar
the lateral end of the scapula is the the: -xiphoid process -acromion -clavicle -sternum
acromion
the lateral end of the scapula is the:
acromion
abduction abduct (verb)
action of moving away from the midline
adduction adduct(verb)
action of moving toward the midline
necrotic (adj)
affected by necrosis
Fibromyalgia
affects muscles and tendons all over the body, causing chronic pain associated with fatigue and depression. Its etiology is unknown. There are no laboratory tests for it and no specific treatment except pain management, physiotherapy and stress reduction.
which of the following root words means different? -menisc -allo -patell -auto
allo
scoliosis is
an abnormal lateral spinal curvature
cyst
an abnormal, fluid-containing sac
syndesmosis syndesmoses (pl)
an articulation (joint) formed by ligaments
lordosis lordotic (adj)
an exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spine
fasciotomy
an incision through a band of fascia, usually to relieve pressure on underlying structures
subluxation
an incomplete dislocation in which some contact between the joint surfaces remains
the talus is the bone that articulates with the tibia and calcaneus at the .......................joint
ankle
the talus is the bone that articulates with the tibia and calcaneus at the.,,, joint
ankle
the talus is the bone that articulates with the tibia and calcaneus at the.... joint
ankle
brace
appliance to support a part of the body in its correct position
gomphoses
are pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine collagen fibers. examples are the joints between teeth and their sockets.
deconstruct the term artritits
arthr-itis
deconstruct the term arthroplasty
arthr-o-plasty
Surgical puncture into a joint to withdraw synovial fluid is:
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture into a joint
arthrocentesis
surgical repair of a joint
arthroplasty
examination with an instrument that explores the interior of a joint
arthroscopy
deconstruct the term articulation
articul-ation
Structure of skeletal muscle
as an adult, you have the same number of muscle fibers as you had in late childhood. when you exercise and/ or lift weights and your muscles enlarge or (hypertrophy), you have increased the thickness of each muscle fiber. if you do not use your muscles, the reverse happens, and the muscles (atrophy)
which of the following root words means self? -auto -hetero -allo -xeno
auto
ligament
band of fibrous tissue connecting two structure
juvenile
between the ages of 2 and 17 years
what can the prefix meta-mean?
beyond, after
The Haversian canals transport? *also called central canals....
blood
posture: the (tone) of skeletal muscles holds you straight when sitting, standing, or moving.
body heat: when skeletal muscles contract, heat is produced as a by-product of the energy reaction. this heat is essential to maintain your body temperature.
oste/o means:
bone
temporal
bone that forms part of the base and sides of the skull
ethmoid
bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells
palatine
bone that forms the hard palate and parts of the nose and orbits.
zygoma zygomatic (adj)
bone that forms the prominences of the cheek.
cancellous
bone that has a spongy or lattice-like structure
osteoblast
bone-forming cell
osteocyte
bone-maintaining cell
osteoclast
bone-removing cell
dangerous metals are removed from the blood by what body part:
bones
pubis
bony front arch of the pelvis of the hip; also called pubic bone
heberden node
bony lump on the terminal phalanx of the fingers in osteoarthritis
deconstruct the term brachioradialis
brachi-o-radial-is
the muscle that lies underneath the biceps is the: -zygomatic -gluteus -latissimus -brachialis
brachialis
rupture
break or tear of any organ or body part
podiatry is a health care specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot.
bunions occur usually at the base of the big toe and are swellings of the bone that cause the metatarsophalangeal joint to be misaligned and stick out medially. This deformity is called hallux Valgus
what is the term for a swelling of the bones at the first metatarsophalangeal joint that is often associated with misalignment of the big toe>
bunions occur usually at the base of the big toe and are swellings of the bones that cause the metatarsophalangeal joint to be misaligned and stick out medially. this deformity is called hallux valgus
the cervical region of the vertebral column includes vertebrae....
c1-c7
the .... is the heel bone
calcaneus
the ..... is the heel bone
calcaneus
mineral resorption
calcium and phosphate are released from bone back into the plasma when they are needed elsewhere. for example, calcium is needed for muscle contraction, communication between neurons, and blood clotting. Phosphate is a component of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
mineral deposition
calcium and phosphate are taken from plasma and deposited in bone
nutrition
calcium and phosphorus are needed to develop good bone density
susceptible
capable of being affected by
deconstruct the term carpus
carp-us
the small bones of the wrist are the...... bones
carpal
fibrocartilage
cartilage containing collagen fibers
which of the following suffixes means puncture? -old -itis -desis -centesis
centesis
medulla- medullary (adj)
central portion of a structure surrounded by cortex
the term that means pertaining to the neck region is: -sacral -thoracic -cervical -intervertebral
cervical
mastication is defined as the process of
chewing
deconstruct the term chiropractor
chir-o-pract-or
which of the following combining forms means hand: tox/i orth/o radi/o chir/o
chir/o
myasthenia gravis is categorized as an..... disease
chronic autoimmune disease
osteoarthritis
chronic inflammatory disease of the joints with pain and loss of function
a fracture with a broken bone but no bork skin is a (n)... fracture
closed
the ..... consists of 4 small, fused bones located at the inferior end of the vertebral column.
coccyx
which of the following terms means situated to the side: -unilateral -bilateral -collateral -trilateral
collateral
hematoma
collection of blood that has escaped from the blood vessels into tissue
carpus
collective term for the eight carpal bones of the wrist
a fracture where the bone is shattered and fragmented
comminuted fracture
a break in which the bone breaks into several pieces in a (n)... fracture
comminuted: the bone breaks into several pieces, usually two major pieces and several smaller fragments
respiration: skeletal muscles move the chest wall as you breathe
communication:skeletal muscles enable you to speak, write, type, gesture, and grimace
osteoporosis
condition in which the bones become more porous, brittle, and fragile and are more likely to fracture
malunion
condition in which the two bony ends of a fracture fall to heal together correctly.
achondroplasia-
condition with abnormal conversion of cartilage into bone, leading to dwarfism.
muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis is: -amputation -contracture -susceptibility -instability
contracture
the suffix-genesis means: -destruction -rupture -creation -break down
creation
osteogenesis
creation of new bone
clavicle, clavicular (adj)
curved bone that forms the anterior part of the pectoral girdle
deconstruct the term deformity
de-form-ity
in the term avascular necrosis, what does necrosis mean>
death
the removal of injured or necrotic tissue is: -avulsion -xenograft -debridement -heterograft
debridement
osteopenia
decreased calcification of bone
talipes
deformity of the foot involving the talus
which of the following is NOT a rotator cuff muscle? -teres minor -supraspinatus -subscapularis -deltoid
deltoid
which of the following suffixes means bind together? -itis -pexy -desis -centesis
desis
removal of poison from a tissue or substance is
detoxification
deconstruct the term dislocation
dis-locat-ion
rickets
disease in children due to vitamin D deficiency, producing soft, flexible bones
rheumatoid arthritis
disease of connective tissue, with arthritis as a major manifestation
shoulder... occurs when the ball of the humerus slips out of the socket of the scapula.
dislocation
arthroscope
endoscope used to examine the interior of a joint
deconstruct the term epiphyseal:
epiphys-e-al
which of the following mean growth? -epiphys/e -episi/o -oste/o -physis
epiphys/e physis
a workplace tool or piece of equipment designed to prevent worker injury and discomfort is: -contractile -ergonomic -supinated -susceptible
ergonomic
the bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells is the: -sphenoid -ethmoid -concha -temporal
ethmoid
fluoroscopy
examination of structures of the body by x-rays
the suffix ectomy means
excision
meniscectomy
excision (cutting out) of all or part of a meniscus
exercise
exercise increases bone density and total bone mass
epiphysis
expanded area at the proximal and distal ends of a long bone that provides increased surface area for attachment of ligaments and tendons
deconstruct the term fasciectomy
fasc-i-ectomy
deconstruct the term fasciitis
fasc-i-itis
marrow
fatty, blood-forming tissue in the cavities of long bone
deconstruct the term fibromyalgia
fibr-o-my-algia
cartilage containing collagen fibers is: -costal cartilage -fibrocartilage -hyaline cartilage -elastic cartilage
fibrocartilage
tendon
fibrous band that connects muscle to bone
retinaculum
fibrous ligament that keeps the tendons in place on the wrist so that they do not "bowstring" when the forearm muscles contract
arthrodesis
fixation or stiffening of a joint by surgery
origin
fixed source of a muscle at its attachment to bone
hypothenar
fleshy eminence at the base of the little finger
lesson 14.8 joint movement
flexion and extension of joints
hyperflexion
flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits
ganglion ganglionic (adj)
fluid-containing swelling attached to the synovial sheath of a tendon
which of the following combining forms means x-ray beam -fluor/o -femor/o pub/o -sacr/o
fluro/o
hormones
for example, growth hormone stimulates the epiphyseal plate to calcigy, and estrogen an testosterone accelerate bone growth after puberty and maintain bone density
avulsion
forcible separation or tearing away, ften of a tendon from bone
the quadriceps femoris has............heads
four
pathologic fracture
fracture occurring at a site already weakened by a disease process, such as cancer. also called stress fracture.
compression fracture
fracture of a vertebra causing loss of height of the vertebra
colles fracture
fracture of the distal radius at the wrist
lesson 14.10 functions and structure of skeletal muscles
functions of skeletal muscle
deconstruct the term gastrocnemius
gastrocnem-ius
deconstruct the term gastrocnemius
gastrocnemi-us
genes
genes determine the size and shape of bones and the ultimate adult height
** Deconstruct the term gluteal
glut-eal
which of the following terms means pertaining to the buttocks
gluteal
the root word that means bolt or nail is: -articul -chondr -syndesm -gomph
gomphoses or omph
syndesmosis- is a joinging of two bones with fibrous ligaments. their movement is minimal. an example is the joint above the ankle when the tibia and fibula are attached
gomphoses- are pegs that fit into sockets and are held in place by fine collagen fivers. examples are the joints between teeth and their sockets.
the process of recording is: -desis -centesis -itis -graphy
graphy
deconstruct the term hematoma
hemat-oma
protrusion of an anatomical structure from its normal position is: -juxtaposition -whiplash -striation -hernitiation
herniation
which of the following prefixes means others? homeo- hydro- hyper- hetero-
hetero
flexion of a limb or part beyond the normal limits is: -inflexion -hyperflexion -dorsiflexion -plantarflexion
hyperflexion
an increase in muscle size due to cellular enlargement (and not cell division)
hypertrophy
prepatellar
in front of the patella
metatarsals are located:
in the foot
sacral (adj)
in the neighborhood of the sacrum
a fracture that does not go completely through the bone
incomplete fracture
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa
arthritis
inflammation of a joint or joints
tendinitis (also spelled tendonitis)
inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis (also spelled tendonitis)
inflammation of a tendon
tenosynovitis
inflammation of a tendon and its surrounding synovial sheath
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone tissue
fasciitis (note spelling)
inflammation of the fascia
osteogenesis imperfecta
inherited condition in which bone formation is incomplete, leading to fragile, easily broken bones.
pectoral girdle
inomplete bony ring that attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton
an abnormal tendency of a joint to partially or fully dislocate is a (n): -deformity -contracture -instability -susceptibility
instability
which of the following prefixes means between
inter
deconstruct the term interosseous
inter-oss-e-ous
deconstruct the term interphalangeal
inter-phalang-e-al
deconstruct the term intervertebral
inter-vertebr-al
myasthenia gravis
is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal muscles. The weakness increases with activity and decreases with rest. facial muscles are often involved, causing problems with eye and eyelid movements, chewing, and talking. antibodies produced by the body's own immune system block the passage of (neurotransmitters) from motor nerves to muscles.
syndesmosis
is a joining of two bones with fibrous ligaments. their movement is minimal. an example is the joint above the ankle where the tibia and fibula are attached.
symphyses
join two bones with (fibrocartilage.) an example is the symphysis pubis, where your two oubic bones meet at the front of your pelvis.
symphyses
join two bones with fibrocartilage. an example is the symphysis pubis, where your two public bones meet at the fron of your pelvis
synchondroses
join two bones with hyaline cartilage, which allows little or no movement between them, as between your ribs and costal cartilages.
gomphosis gomphoses (pl)
joint formed by a peg and socket
synchondroses
joint two bones with *hyaline) cartilage, which allws little or no movement between them, as between your ribs and costal cartilages
lesson 14.8 classes of joints
joints are classified structurally into three types:
Fibrous
joints are two bones tightly bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space. they come in three varieties:
synovial
joints contain synocfacial fluid as a lubricants
synovial
joints contain synovial fluid as a lubricant and allow considerable movement. most joints in the legs and arms are synovial joints. the ends of the bones are covered with hyaline articular cartilage. in some joints, an additional plate of fibrocartilage is located between the two bones. in the knee, this plate is incomplete and is called a meniscus.
cartilaginous
joints join two bones with cartilage
cartilaginous
joints join two bones with cartilage:
the thigh muscles move the..... joint and lower.....
knee joint lower leg
condyle
lare, smooth rounded expansion of the end of a bone that forms a joint with another bone.
soleus
large muscle of the calf
deltoid
large, fan-shaped muscle connecting the scapula and clavicle to the humerus
if something is situated to the side of a structure, it is: -proximal -distal -lateral -medial
lateral
acromion
lateral end of the scapula, extending over the shoulder joint.
deconstruct the term latissimus
latiss-imus
epiphyseal plate
layer of cartilage between epiphysis and metaphysis where bone growth occurs
intervertebral
located between two vertebrae
an exaggerated forward curvature of the lumbar spine is: -spondylosis -scoliosis -lordosis -kyphosis
lordosis
resorption
loss of substance, such as bone
ischium ischial (adj) ischia (pl)
lower and posterior part of the hip bone
mandible
lower jawbone
the pelvic girdle provides attachment for the
lower limbs
the..... vertebrae are the largest and are in the lower back region.
lumbar
supine
lying face up, flat on your spine
prone
lying facedown, flat on your belly
gastrocnemius
major muscle in back of the lower leg (the calf)
which of the following suffixes means softening
malacia
which of the following suffixes means softening? -logist -itis -malacia -sclerosis
malacia
osteogenic sarcoma
malignant tumor originating in bone-producing cells
the lower jawbone is the: -sphenoid -mandible -ethmoid -vomer
mandible
deconstruct the term mandibular
mandibul-ar
prosthesis
manufactured substitute for a missing part of the body
the.............bones form the upper jaw.
maxillary
osteopathy
medical practice based on maintaining the structural integrity of the musculoskeletal system
radiologist
medical specialist in the use of x-rays and other imagining techniques
deconstruct the term meniscectomy
menisc-ectomy
deconstruct the term metacarpophalangeal
meta-carp-o-phalang-e-al
deconstruct the term metatarsal
meta-tars-al
the five bones between the carpus and the fingers are: -tarsals -phalanges -metacarpals -metatarsals
metacarpal
nerves and blood vessels are joined back together during reattachment by using.
microsurgical instruments
circumduction circumduct (verb)
movement of an extremity in a circular motion
the medical term fibromyalgia is defined as pain in the connective tissue and
muscle
temporalis muscle
muscle attached to temporal bone that opens and closes the jaw
triceps brachii
muscle of the arm that has three heads or points of origin
flexor
muscle or tendon that flexes a joint
contracture
muscle shortening due to spasm or fibrosis
brachioradialis
muscle that helps flex the forearm
brachialis
muscle that lies underneath the biceps and is the strongest flexor of the forearm
deconstruct the term myoglobin
my-o-glob-in
stenosis
narrowing of a passage
total failure of healing of a fracture is: -panunion -malunion -nonunion -transunion
nonunion
cartilage-
nonvascular, firm connective tissue found mostly in joints.
sutures
occur between the bones of the skull the two opposing bones hae interlocking processes to add stability to the joint. The (periosteum) on each of the outer and inner surfaces of the two bones is continuous and holds the joints together.
impacted
one bone fragment is driven into the other, with resulting shortening of a limb.
trochanter
one of the two bony prominences near the head of the femur
deconstruct the term orthopedist
orth-o-ped-ist
deconstruct the term osteogenic
oste-o-genic
deconstruct the term osteoporosis
oste-o-por-osis
which condition is caused by the breakdown and eventual destruction of cartilage in a joint?
osteoarthritis (OA)
lesson 14.9 diseases of joints
osteoarthritis (OA) is caused by the breakdown and eventual destruction of cartilage in a joint. it develops as a result of wear and tear and is most common in the weight-bearing joints, the knee, hip, and lower back. because it is a wear-and-tear disease, it is sometimes called degenerative joint disease (DJD). The degenerative process begins in the articular cartilage, which cracks and frays, eventually exposing the underlying bone.
a bone-removing cell is a(n): -osteoma -osteoclast -osteocyte -osteoblast
osteoclast
rickets is another name for?
osteomalacia
inflammation of bone tissue is -osteopenia -osteomyelitis -osteogenesis -osteomalacia
osteomyelitis
decreased calcification of bone is? -osteogenesis -osteomalacia -osteopenia -osteomyelitis
osteopenia
what disease occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation?
osteoporosis
cortex- cortical
outer portion of an organ, such as bone.
in the word fibromyalgia what does the suffix mean?
pain
polymyalgia rheumatica
pain in several muscle groups with systemic symptoms
fibromyalgia
pain in the muscle fibers
rheumatism
pain in various parts of the musculoskeletal system
gout
painful arthritis of the big toe and other joints
which of the following is the name for the two bones forming the sidewalls and roof of the cranium? -maxilla -ethmoid -parietal -occipital
parietal
Frontal bone- forms the forehead and the roofs of the orbits and contains a pair of right and left frontal sinuses above the orbits.
parietal bones(2) form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium.
rotator cuff
part of the capsule of the shoulder joint
another name for the kneecap is the ......
patella
necrosis
pathologic death of cells or tissues
which of the following suffixes means disease?
pathy
the term that means pertaining to the chest is -humeral -pectoral -clavicular -scapular
pectoral
the..................... is the two hip bones that articulate anteriorly.
pelvic girdle
deconstruct the term periosteum
peri--oste-um
articular (adj)
pertaining to a joint
ergonomic
pertaining to a workplace tool or equipment designed to prevent worker injury and discomfort
residual residue (noun)
pertaining to anything left over
gluteal
pertaining to the buttocks
pectoral
pertaining to the chest
orthopedic
pertaining to the correction and cure of deformities and diseases of the musculoskeletal system originally, most of the deformities treated were in children.
acromioclavicular
pertaining to the join between the acromion and the clavicle
metacarpophalangeal
pertaining to the joints between the metacarpal bones and phalanges
interphalangeal
pertaining to the joints between two phalanges
mandibular (adj)
pertaining to the mandible
metatarsal (adj)
pertaining to the metatarsus
musculoskeletal
pertaining to the muscles and the bony skeletal
cervical
pertaining to the neck region
periosteal (adj)
pertaining to the periosteum
pubic (adj)
pertaining to the pubis
scapulae (pl) scapular (adj)
pertaining to the shoulder
cranial (adj)
pertaining to the skull
carpal (adj)
pertaining to the wrist
spell the plural form of phalanx
phalanges
which of the following mean growth? -oste/o -physis -epiphys/e -episi/o
physis epiphys/e
.......... ....... is inflammation of the connective tissue that supports the arch of the foot. It is often caused by prolonged stand on hard surfaces.
piantar fasciitis
what is the medical term for the condition in which there is over stretching or tearing of the dense sheet of fascia that supports the arch of the foot?
plantar fasciitis
deconstruct the term podiatrist
pod-iatrist
the health care specialty concerned with disorders of the foot is
podiatry
which term means the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries to the foot and hot it is spelled?
podiatry
the health care specialty concerned with disorders of the foot is
podistry
deconstruct the term polymyalgia
poly-my-algia
the hollow at the back of the knee is the
popliteal fossa
the hollow at the back of the knee is the :
popliteal fossa
the hollow at the back of the knee is the:
popliteal fossa
movement: all skeletal muscles are attached to bones, and when a muscle (contracts) it causes movement of the bones to which it is attached this enables you to walk, run, and work with your hands.
posture. the (tone) of skeletal muscles holds you straight when sitting, standing, or moving.
a ,,,, fracture involves a fracture of the medial and lateral malleoli at the ankle..
pott fracture
a fracture of the lower part of the fibula and of the malleolus of the tibia which causes lateral displacement of the foot.
pott fracture
strains and sprains are more common in the ankle than in any other joint in the body. A strain is an acute injury resulting from overstretching or over contraction of a muscle or tendon. A sprain is the result of an abnormal stretch or tear of a ligament. Some severe sprains with tearing of the ligament may require surgical repair
pott fracture is a term applied to a variety of fractures in which there is a fracture of the fibula near the ankle, often accompanied by a fracture of the malleolus of the tibia
chiropractic-
practitioner of chiropractic
osteopath
practitioner of osteopathy
podiatrist
practitioner of podiatry
deconstruct the term prepatellar
pre-patell-ar
deconstruct the term prednisone
predn-isone
supination
process of lying face upward or turning an arm or foot so that the palm or sole is facing up
pronation
process of lying facedown or of turning a hand or foot
amputation amputate (verb)
process of removing a limb, a part of a limb, a breast, or some other projecting part
epicondyle
projection above the condyle for attachment of a ligament or tendon
myoglobin
protein of muscle that stores and transports oxygen
herniation herniate (verb)
protrusion of an anatomical structure from its normal position
deconstruct the term pterygoid
pteryg-oid
pterygoid
pterygoid muscles are two wing-shaped muscles that open and close the mouth
the bony front arch of the pelvis of the hip is the: -illum -patella -pubis -acetabulum
pubis
which of the following combining forms means x-ray?
radi/o
deconstruct the term reduction:
re-duct-ion
in a process called...., a fractured bone is pulled from the distal end back into alignment.
reduction
gluteus maximus
refers to a muscle in the buttocks the gluteus maximus muscle is the largest muscle in the body, covering a large part of each buttock
metaphysis
region between the diaphysis and the epiphysis where bone growth occurs
fluoroscopic (adj)
relating to or affected by fluoroscopy
rheumatic (adj)
relating to or characterized by rheumatism disease of connective tissue, with arthritis as a major manifestation
osteogenic (adj)
relating to the creation of new bone
degenerative
relating to the deterioration of a structure
detoxification
removal of poison from a tissue or substance
pertaining to anything left over is the definition of: -contracture -residual -susceptibility -instability
residual
skeletal muscles in the chest wall help with...
respiration
deconstruct the term retinaculum
retinacul-um
deconstruct the term rheumatoid
rheumat-oid
systemic, autoimmune disorder affecting connective tissue in many joints
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
supinate
rotate the forearm so that the surface of the palm faces anteriorly in the anatomical position
pronate
rotate the forearm so that the surface of the palm faces posteriorly in the anatomical position
rotation of joints
rotation is turning around an axis. medial rotation of the upper arm bone, the humerus, with the elbow flexed brings the palm of the hand toward the body. lateral rotation moves the palm away from the body.
the segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis is the: -patella -femur -sacrum -acetabulum
sacrum
long bones are the most common type of bone in the body. The shaft of a long bone is called (Diaphysis). Each end of the bone is called the (Epiphysis) and is expanded to provide extra surface area for the attachment of ligaments and tendons
sandwiched between the diaphysis and epiphysis is a thin area called the (metaphysis). Thin layers of cartilage cells in the (Epiphyseal plate) enable the diaphysis (bone shaft) to grown in length. When growth stops, compact bone growns into the epiphyseal plate and forms the (epiphyseal line)
deconstruct the term sarcoma
sarc-oma
which of the following suffixes means to examine -sis -scopy -scope -stomy
scopy
sacrum
segment of the vertebral column that forms part of the pelvis
The joint that connects the pectoral girdle to the upper limb is the shoulder joint, located between the scapula and the Humerus bone of the upper arm. This joint is a ball-and-socket joint in which the head of the humerus allows the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body. Because of this, the shoulder joint also is the most unstable joint and is liable to dislocation.
several ligaments hold together the articulating surfaces of the humerus and scapula. muscles around the shoulder joint are essential for its stability. Four muscles that originate on the scapula wrap around the joint and fuse to form one large tendon, the rotator cuff, which is inserted into the humerus. This tendon keeps the ball of the humerus tightly in the socket of the scapula and provides the strength that baseball pitchers need. The rotator cuff muscles are: - Subscapularis -Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Teres Minor
fascia
sheet of fibrous connective tissue
scapula
shoulder blade
humerus
single bone of the upper arm
lateral (opposite of medial)
situated at the side of a structure
collateral
situated at the side, often to bypass an obstruction
skeletal muscle is attached to one or more bones. it is also called (voluntary muscle) because it is under conscious control. because of their length, muscle cells are usually called muscle (fibers) each skeletal muscle consists of bundles of muscle fibrs, blood vessels, and nerves, with connective tissue sheets that hold the fibers together and connect the muscle to bone
skeletal muscle has the following functions:
nodule
small node or knotlike swelling
lacuna- lacunae (pl)
small space or cavity within the matrix of bone
osteomalacia
soft, flexible bones lacking in calcium
chondromalacia
softening and degeneration of cartilage
orthopedist
specialist in orthopedics
podiatry
specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot
which of the following root words means wedge? -ethm -tempor -pteryg -sphen
sphen
injury or tearing of a ligament is called a
sprains
Healing of fractures
step one: when a bone is fractured, blood vessels bleed into the fracture site, forming a hematoma
step two: a few days after the fracture (fx), osteoblasts move into the hematoma and start to produce new bone. This is called a (callus)
step three: osteoblasts produce immature, lacy, (cancellous) (spongy) bone that replaces the callus
injury to a muscle as a result of improper use or overuse
strain
which of the following terms describe skeletal muscle? -voluntary -diaphysis -cartilaginous -striated -involuntary
striated muscle voluntary
periosteum
strong membrane surrounding a bone
deconstruct the term subluxation
sub-luxat-ion
which term means a partial or incomplete dislocation when come contact between joint surfaces remains?
subluxation
matrix
substance that surrounds cells, is manufactured by cells, and holds them together
lying face up is: -dorsal -ventral -supine -prone
supine
arthroplasty
surgery to restore as far as possible the function of a joint
the thorax is the part of the trunk between the abdomen and neci.
surgical puncture into a joint
fasciectomy
surgical removal of fascia
thymectomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland
fibrous -joints are two bone tightly bound together by bands of fibrous tissue with no joint space. they come in three varieties:
sutures- occur between the bones of the skull the two opposing bones have interlocking processes to add stability to the joint. the (periosteum) on each of the outer and inner surfaces of the two bones is continuous and holds the joint together.
whiplash
symptoms caused by sudden, uncontrolled extension and flexion of the neck, often in an automobile accident
spell the plural form of therm synchondrosis
synchondroses
spell the plural form of syndesmosis
syndesmoses
joints that allow considerable movement are
synovial
deformity of the foot involving the talus is: -talipes -gout -hallux valgus -pes planus
talipes
what is the name of the bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint?
talus
the seven bones of the arch or instep of the foot are the..... bones
tarsal bones
the bones of the midfoot are collectively referred to as
tarsals
the bones of the midfoot are collectively referred to as....
tarsals
the bones of the midfoot are collectively referred to as......
tarsals
the metatarsals are located between the .... and the... in the foot
tarsals phalanges
deconstruct the term temporalis
tempor-alis
the abbreviation TMJ stands for ..... joint
temporomandibular joint
deconstruct the term tenosynovitis
ten-o-synov-itis
spell the term that means inflammation of a tendon -tendanitis -tendonitis -tendenitis -tendinitis
tendinitis also spelled tendonitis
an inflammation of the tendon
tendonitis
spell the term that means inflammation of a tendon
tendonitis
spell the term that means inflammation of a tendon
tendonitis or tendinitis
comminuted
the bone breaks into several places, usually two major places and several small fragments
the pectoral (shoulder) girdle connects the axial skeleton to the upper limbs and helps with movements of the upper limb
the bones of the pectoral girdle are the Scapulae (shoulder blades) and clavicles. The scapula extends over the top of the joint to form a roof called the Acromion. The acromion is attached to the clavicle at the acromioclavicular (AC) joint. This also provides a connection between the axial skeleton, pectoral girdle, and upper arm.
metacarpal
the five bones between the carpus and the fingers
palm palmar (adj)
the flat anterior surface of the hand
radius
the forearm bone on the thumb side
the part of bone involved in the production of blood cells is? -bone -marrow
the four components of the skeletal system -bones -cartilage -tendons -ligaments
incomplete
the fracture does not extend completely across the one; it can be hairline (as in a stress fracture in the foot when there is no separation of the two fragments.)
transverse
the fracture is at a right angle to the long axis of the bone.
compression
the fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology leading to the vertebra being crushed.
pathologic
the fracture occurs in an area of bone weakened by disease (suck as cancer). also called stress fracture
linear
the fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
spiral
the fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone
displaced
the fractured bone parts are out of alignment.
medius
the gluteus medis muscle is partly covered by the gluteus maximus; it originates on the ilium and is inserted into the femur
minimus
the gluteus minimus is the smallest of the gluteal muscles and lies under the gluteus medius
popliteal fossa
the hollow at the back of the knee
a tough connective tissue sheath called (periosteum) covers the outer surface of all bones and is attached to the compact or (cortical) bone by tough collagen fibers. the periosteum protects the bone and anchors blood vessels and nerves to the surface of the bone.
the hollow cylinder inside the diaphysis is called the (medullary cavity). it contains bone (marrow) and is lined by a thin membrane called the (endosteum) the marrow is a fatty tissue that contains blood cells in different stages of development.
lesson 14.12 The skull
the human skull has 22 ones, 8 of which make up the (cranium,) the upper part of the skull that encloses the (cranial cavity) and protects the brain. The bones of the cranium are
insertion
the insertion of a muscle is the attachment of a muscle to a more movable part of the skeleton, as distinct from the origin
sacroiliac
the joint between the sacrum and ilium
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
the joint between the temporal bone and the mandible
Knee joint
the knee is a hinged joint formed with four bones: -the lower end of the femur, shaped like a horseshoe. The two ends of the horseshoe are the medial and lateral femoral condyles -the flat upper end of the tibia -- the patella (kneecap), a flat triangular bone embedded in the patellar tendon. The patella articulates with the femur between its two condyles --the fibula, which forms a separate joint by articulating with the tibia. This is called the Tibiofibular joint.
tibia tibial (adj)
the larger bone of the lower leg
**The fusion takes place in the region of the acetabulum, a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral surface of each hip bone that receives the Head of the Femur (thigh bone)
the lower part of the pelvis is formed by the lower ilium, ischium, and pubic bones that surround a short canal-like cavity. this opening is larger in females than males to allow the infant to pass through during childbirth. The outlet from the cavity is spanned by strong muscular layers through which the rectum, vagina, and urethra pass.
callus (NOTE: callous is a nonmedical word meaning insensitive)
the mass of fibrous connective tissue that forms at a fracture site and becomes the foundation for the formation of new bone
uina
the medial and larger bone of the forearm pertaining to the ulna or any of the structures
opposition
the movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand to touch the tips of the other fingers
The pelvic Girdle is the two hip bones that articulate anteriorly with each other at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly with the sacrum to form the bowl shaped pelvis. The two joints between the hip bones and the sacrum are the sacroiliac (SI) joind
the pelvic girdle has the following functions: --supports the axial skeleton. --transmits the body's weight through to the lower limbs. --provides attachments for the lower limbs. --protects the internal reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal end of the large intestine. Each hip bone is a fusion of 3 bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
debridement
the removal of injured or necrotic tissue
reduction
the restoration of a structure to its normal postition
head
the rounded extremity of a bone.
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
open fracture
the skin over the fracture is broken
fibula fibular (adj)
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
dislocation
the state of being completely out of joint
radiology
the study of medical imaging
talus
the tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia to form the ankle joint
thenar
the thenar eminence is the fleshy mass at the base of the thumb
femur femoral (adj)
the thigh bone
parietal
the two bones forming the sidewalls and roof of the cranium
cranium
the upper part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
atrophy
the wasting away or diminished volume of tissue, an organ, or a body part
latissimus dorsi
the widest (broadcast) muscle in the back
the pad of muscles at the base of the thumb are the..... eminence.
thenar
greenstick(closed)
this is a partial fracture: one side breaks, the other bends
in the term "osteomyelitis," how many word elements are present?
three
deconstruct the term thymectomy
thym-ectyomy
surgical removal of the thymus gland is
thymectomy
the two bones of the lower leg are the .........and.........
tibia fibula
muscle
tissue consisting of contractile cells
allograft
tissue graft from another person or cadaver
flex (verb)
to bend a joint so that the two parts come together
the root word whip means: -to tighten -to loosen -to swell -to swing
to swing
nonunion
total failure of healing of a fracture
adduction is movement to...... the midline
toward
the dragging, pulling, or straightening of a limb, by attachment of elastic or other devices is....
traction
the elbow joint has......... articulations...
two
maxilla maxillary (adj)
upper jawbone, containing right and left maxillary sinuses
Dorsum Dorsal (adj)
upper, posterior, or back surface
haversian canals (also called central canals)
vascular canals in bone
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint
vitamins
vitamin A activates osteoblasts; vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis; vitamin D stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate, its transport, and its deposition into bones.
the .... bone separates the nasal cavities
vomer
sphenoid
wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
flexion
when a joint is bent to decrease its angle
extension
when a joint is straightened to increase its angle
the endosteum and periosteum contain (osteogenesis) bone (matrix) consists of cells, collagen fibers, a gel that supports and suspends the fibers, and calcium phosphate crystals that give bone its hardness.
when osteoblasts are incorporated into the new bone, they become (osteocytes)
pronation and supination
when you lie flat on the ground facedown on your belly with your palms touching the ground, you are (prone) when you lie flat on your back with your spine on the floor and your palms facing up, you are (supine) when you rotate your forearm so that your palm faces the floor, that is (pronation.) when you rotate the forearm so that your palm is facing upward, that is (supination)
pronate (verb)
with the volar (palm or sole) surface down
arthrocentesis
withdrawal of fluid from a joint through a needle
in utero
within the womb; not yet born
avascular
without a blood supply
arthrography
x-ray of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium into the joint
deconstruct the term xenograft
xen-o-graft