Chapter 14: Personality Processes: Learning, Motivation, Emotion, and Thinking

This circumplex diagram arranges emotions in terms of two dimensions, the degree to which they are positive or negative, and aroused or unaroused. Select the area of the diagram that represents anger.

Aroused/Unpleasant (anxious, nervous)

Which of the following describe learned helplessness?

Correct Answer(s): a link to depression a feeling that one's actions will not change one's situation consequences that appear to happen randomly a link to low motivation Incorrect Answer(s): receiving only punishment, not reward

The author of your text describes a scenario wherein his psychology professor would give extra points on an exam if students figured out and said the right word. This scenario illustrates a number of relevant points to learning, motivation, and the self. Which of the following apply to this scenario?

Correct Answer(s): behaviorist theory social learning theory By watching others, we can learn what is reinforced. Behaviors that are reinforced are more likely to happen again. Behaviors that we expect to be reinforced are more likely to happen again. Incorrect Answer(s): psychoanalytic theory trait theory

Which of the following characterizes the Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)?

Correct Answer(s): if . . . then contingencies cognitive interpretation as motivating behavior social learning conceptions Incorrect Answer(s): traits physical stimuli as motivating behavior

Which of the following are examples of operant conditioning?

Example(s) of Operant Conditioning: Tiani gets up to help her father bring in the groceries when she hears his car pull into the driveway. Her father thanks her and tells her she doesn't have to do the dishes after dinner tonight. Tiani helps bring in the groceries more and more often. Before one of his baseball games, Neil drank a sports drink, and he ended up hitting a home run. Neil now drinks the same drink before every game. When Anita went home for the weekend, she studied for her upcoming exam in the local coffee shop. She ended up being disappointed in her exam grade, so she never returned to that coffee shop to study. Not Example(s) of Operant Conditioning: Pablo's brother is building a tree house in their backyard, and Pablo jumps every time he hears the banging of the hammer. After about 15 minutes of hearing this noise on and off, Pablo does not jump.

Identify the following as either properties or limitations of idiographic goals.

Properties: They are independent. They are considered consciously. They represent thoughts and behaviors aimed at a specific outcome. They are changeable. Limitations: They are organized hierarchically. One idiographic goal can only represent a single person.

People high in __________ motivation set standards for themselves and then work hard to attain them. People high in __________ motivation seek the close company of others. People high in __________ motivation put great efforts into seeking prestige and status.

achievement; affiliation; power

According to Mischel's theory of personality, what are if . . . then contingencies?

actions triggered by particular stimulus situations

Match each type of learning to the example that best illustrates it.

classical conditioning: Rafaela got a new toy that her puppy has tried to take from her a number of times. Whenever the puppy comes into the room, Rafaela clings tightly to her toy. operant conditioning: Vielka gets a lot of attention from her parents, which she enjoys, when she does the dishes unprompted. She continues to do the dishes without being asked to. habituation: Miguel used to be startled by the video clips the news shows of violent crimes in a nearby city. After watching the news every night for a while, the videos no longer bother him.

Match each component of personality processes to the correct description.

classical conditioning: learning to associate two stimuli such that the new stimulus elicits the response to the original stimulus cognitive theory of personality: posits thinking as the basis of understanding of belief, emotion, and behavior operant conditioning: learning based on rewards, where rewarded behavior is more likely to occur again behaviorism: People are understood from their behavior and the causes of their behavior, which are observable. motivation: the incentives that drive human behavior emotions: procedural knowledge of a response to experience social learning theory: Learning is understood as an interaction between the cognition of the learner and the people and environment the learner interacts with.

S-R theories are based on the idea that we learn how to respond to a stimulus and we continue to respond that way in the future. Associating stimuli is a basic principle of classical conditioning. Each person experiences many different stimuli throughout their lives, and their learned responses to those stimuli will collectively make up their personality. Personalities are unique due to the unique combination of environments that a given person is exposed to in comparison to peers.

classical; different; personality

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage on B.F. Skinner, a pioneering learning theorist and researcher Skinner believed that classical conditioning would be better referred to as respondent conditioning because the response the person engages in is automatic, almost without thought. Skinner became more interested in a type of learning based on the consequences of the learner's actions. In this situation, the learner plays an active role in deciding how to behave in order to be reinforced for their behaviors. Skinner termed this type of learning operant conditioning because he felt that the active role of the learner in the environment was important.

classical; respondent; operant

Tamika and Maritza are sitting at the kitchen table when their son, Julian, trips and put his arm through the glass window. Tamika feels the urgency and worry for Julian's safety, and starts to consider the situation. Maritza feels panic; she covers her face and screams, "Oh no, I can't look, it's awful!" These immediate reactions represent a difference in emotional experience. Tamika then takes a deep breath to calm herself down and walks quickly to Julian's side. Feeling more frantic, Maritza moves around quickly, and tries to soothe Julian in a high-pitched voice, while she looks around for a solution. This represents a difference in emotional intensity. Tamika examines Julian's arm and sees that the cuts do not appear to be deep, but it's a serious accident and she would like to bring him to the pediatrician to be certain. Maritza sighs and says, "What a relief," and offers to grab a snack for Julian while they are in the waiting room. This represents a difference in emotional change

experience; intensity; change

Match each behaviorism-related concept to the correct description. Labels can be used more than once.

functional analysis: the process that maps out which environmental stimuli are responsible for which behaviors types of learning: habituation types of learning: classical conditioning types of learning: operant conditioning behaviorism: the study of people's actions, and the causes of them, are observable.

According to Park and Kim (2015), after failing at a task, a person following what theory of the world is likely to have the failure affect their performance on a new task?

incremental

Behaviorism was an early approach to personality research that was considered to explain the majority of behavior. Behavior was considered to represent personality, and behaviorists tended to ignore internal processes. As research continued, social learning theorists found ways to include and consider some valuable processes such as cognition, emotion, and goals, which would help to motivate behavior.

internal processes; social learning; cognition; behavior

Dayana would like to be more popular. She considers how popular she currently is and compares that to how popular she would ideally like to be, which is known as having a judgment goal. She then plans for groups that she can join and things she can do to improve her popularity; this is known as a development goal. Because Dayana is focused and working toward the goal, she is likely to respond with a mastery-oriented pattern when she encounters a hurdle; she will likely try even harder. These two types of goals work together in this example, but sometimes they may lead a person to different outcomes.

judgment goal; development goal; mastery-oriented goal

Match each type of goal to the correct description.

judgment: Described by Grant and Dweck (1999), this type of goal involves understanding the level of an attribute we have and creating a goal based on that. idiographic: As described by a variety of researchers, this type of goal is unique to each individual. nomothetic: Everyone has this type of goal, described by McClelland and others (1985), to a certain extent, and the level of the goal motivation impacts our thoughts and behavior. development: Described by Grant and Dweck (1999), this type of goal is set to improve oneself.

Match each type of goal to the appropriate description.

long-term: These goals are typically general. current concerns: These goals remain active in the mind until they are accomplished or abandoned. short-term: These goals are typically specific. idiographic: These goals are unique to the individual that has the goal. personal project: These goals are what people do and are made up of efforts people put into goals. personal striving: These goals are concentrated on organizing broad areas of a person's life and are not easily accomplished.

A pessimistic strategy produces a __________ outlook on life, but can also motivate __________ .

negative; goal-seeking behavior

B.F. Skinner's clever students were able to manipulate his lecture style by adopting certain kinds of listening postures when he was near the podium and others when he took steps away from it. What kind of learning did the students employ to shape his behavior?

reinforcements and punishments

When comparing different kinds of learned behaviors, __________ implies a kind of passive response with no impact of its own; __________ is when an animal (including humans) learns to operate in its world in such a way as to change it.

respondent conditioning; operant conditioning

Advertising slogans such as "Just Do It" and "You Can Do It!" relate to what incarnation of social learning theory?

self-efficacy theory