Chapter 14 Practice Questions

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located A) only in the brain stem. B) only in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. C) only in the posterior gray horns of the spinal cord. D) both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. E) only in the anterior gray horns of the spinal cord.

both in the brain stem and in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord.

Define splanchnic nerves. (Module 14.4A) A) Splanchnic nerves are nerves that innervate intramural ganglia in the walls of the kidneys, urinary bladder, terminal portions of the large intestine, and sex organs. B) Splanchnic nerves form nerve plexuses when they intermingle with branches of the vagus nerve similar to the nerve plexuses formed by spinal nerves innervating the limbs. C) Splanchnic nerves carry sacral parasympathetic output. D) Splanchnic nerves form a collection of three cervical sympathetic ganglia (superior, middle, and inferior). E) Splanchnic nerves are three groups of nerves — cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and lumbar), and pelvic (sacral) — that supply the viscera.

Splanchnic nerves are three groups of nerves — cardiopulmonary, abdominopelvic (greater, lesser, and lumbar), and pelvic (sacral) — that supply the viscera.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) prevertebral E) suprarenal

chain

Which type of receptor is sensitive to changes in blood pH? (Module 14.10B) A) baroreceptors B) proprioceptors C) photoreceptors D) chemoreceptors E) mechanoreceptors

chemoreceptors

Splanchnic nerves A) originate from first-order neurons located in the upper five thoracic segments of the spinal cord. B) consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia. C) control sympathetic function of structures in the thorax. D) connect chain ganglia. E) are formed of parasympathetic fibers.

consist of axons that synapse in collateral ganglia.

) During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur? A) elevated heart rate B) elevated blood pressure C) increased sweating D) elevated blood glucose E) constriction of pupil

constriction of pupil

Stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to A) relaxation of the urinary sphincter. B) increased heart rate. C) hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves. D) activation of ventral sweat glands. E) increased gastric motility.

hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves

Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS? A) ventral roots B) dorsal rami C) spinal nerves D) ventral rami E) short pre-ganglionic fibers

short pre-ganglionic fibers

Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in A) an increase in the amount of intracellular cAMP. B) a decrease in the amount of intracellular cAMP. C) decreased membrane permeability to sodium ion. D) release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. E) increased membrane permeability to potassium ions.

release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. A) long; short B) short; long C) long; long D) short; short

short; long

Ganglionic neurons innervate as all of the following except A) smooth muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) adipose tissue. D) glands. E) skeletal muscle.

skeletal muscle.

7) All of the following are visceral effectors except A) smooth muscles. B) cardiac muscle. C) adipocytes. D) skeletal muscles. E) glands.

skeletal muscles.

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes. A) short B) long C) both short and long D) neither short nor long

short

Define visceral reflex. (Module 14.9A) A) A visceral reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following exposure to a single specific somatic stimulus. B) A visceral reflex is a slow, calculated response of the spinal cord following repeated exposure to specific somatic stimuli. C) A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus. D) A visceral reflex is an automatic response to a somatic stimulus that is controlled in the spinal cord and can function without input from the brain. E) A visceral reflex is when visceral sensory inputs are sent quickly by the spinal cord to the brain for analysis before any response occurs.

A visceral reflex is an autonomic reflex initiated in the viscera. It can be modified, facilitated, or inhibited by higher centers, especially those in the hypothalamus.

Which of the following statements about adrenergic receptors is true? A) They are proteins in the plasma membrane. B) When activated, cAMP levels are affected. C) Epinephrine activates both alpha and beta types. D) Norepinephrine activates mainly the alpha type. E) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Define dual innervation. (Module 14.8A) A) Dual innervation means that a given body system sends both sensory impulses and receives motor commands. B) Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the central and peripheral nervous systems. C) Dual innervation means that sensory neurons and motor neurons are present in the tissue. D) Dual innervation means that a given body system has twice the amount of neural stimulation needed to produce an action. E) Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Dual innervation means that a given body system receives instructions from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.

Which of the following is true for the craniosacral division? A) It is also called the sympathetic division of the ANS. B) It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS. C) It is referred to the "fight or flight" division. D) It is a division of the visceral sensory nervous system. E) It is included solely in the peripheral nervous system.

It is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS.

Compare nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors. (Module 14.6B) A) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. B) Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. C) Nicotinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. D) Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors binds epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. E) Nicotinic receptors binds norepinephrine and epinephrine on the membrane of sympathetic target cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells.

Nicotinic receptors are acetylcholine receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglionic cells. Muscarinic receptors are acetylcholine G protein-coupled receptors located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions, and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions.

Which of the following statements concerning the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is false? A) Preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord. B) Ganglionic neurons are located in ganglia within or near to effectors. C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long. D) The actions of the parasympathetic division are more localized than those of the sympathetic division. E) The ganglionic neurons always release acetylcholine.

Preganglionic fibers are relatively short and postganglionic fibers are relatively long.

Compare short reflexes with long reflexes. (Module 14.9B) A) Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors. B) Short reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors, whereas long reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS. C) Short reflexes predominantly coordinate the activities of an entire organ, whereas long reflexes predominantly control very simple motor responses in one small part of a target organ. D) Short reflexes control many different peripheral effectors, whereas long reflexes predominate in the enteric nervous system. E) Short reflexes involve processing in the brainstem, whereas long reflexes involve processing in the cerebrum.

Short reflexes are autonomic responses that bypass the CNS, whereas long reflexes involve interneurons within the CNS and autonomic delivery of motor commands to the effectors.

Identify somatic effectors and visceral effectors. (Module 14.7C) A) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Visceral effectors are glands and adipose tissue. B) Somatic effectors are glands and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. C) Somatic effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. Visceral effectors are skeletal muscle. D) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue. E) Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. Visceral effectors are adipose tissue.

Somatic effectors are skeletal muscle. Visceral effectors are smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.

) Describe the ENS. (Module 14.2C) A) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. B) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that involves sensory input only. C) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that involves the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscle. D) The ENS is a division of the nervous system that uses spinal reflexes to mediate changes in the effectors. E) The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions from the CNS.

The ENS is a division of the nervous system consisting of a network of neurons and nerve networks in the walls of the digestive tract that primarily operates locally, without instructions

Explain the function of autonomic ganglia. (Module 14.1C) A) They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. B) They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia. C) They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors. D) They are upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex. E) They are motor neurons within the central nervous system that are controlled by reflexes based in the spinal cord or brain.

They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors.

Describe the role of preganglionic neurons. A) They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus. B) They are part of the visceral motor neurons in peripheral ganglia. C) They are ganglionic neurons that innervate visceral effectors. D) They are upper motor neurons whose cell bodies lie within nuclei of the brain or the primary motor cortex. E) They are motor neurons within the central nervous system that are controlled by reflexes based in the spinal cord or brain.

They are part of visceral reflex arcs, and most of their activity is a direct reflex response, rather than responses to commands from the hypothalamus.

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except A) III. B) VII. C) IX. D) X. E) XII.

XII.

Describe an intramural ganglion. (Module 14.3B) A) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the brainstem. B) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the spinal cord. C) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons located near the target organ. D) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons embedded in the tissues of the target organ. E) An intramural ganglion is a group of neurons that release neurotransmitters that function as hormones into the general circulation.

a group of neurons embedded in the tissues of the target organ.

Most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number release acetylcholine instead. Which of these is an example of an organ of the cholinergic type? A) the heart B) a blood vessel in the skin C) a sweat gland D) the liver E) the salivary glands

a sweat gland

Collateral ganglia contain neurons that innervate tissues and organs in which cavity? A) thoracic B) lumbar C) abdominopelvic D) vertebral E) cranial

abdominopelvic

Which nerve carries most of the parasympathetic outflow? (Module 14.4C) A) occulomotor nerve B) facial nerve C) glossopharyngeal nerve D) vagus nerve E) abducens nerve

abducens nerve

Sympathetic nerves A) provoke feelings of sympathy. B) allow us to relax, rest, and recover. C) are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity. D) control swallowing. E) stimulate gastric secretion.

are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity.

Muscarinic receptors A) are normally activated by acetylcholine. B) are found mostly in autonomic ganglia. C) always produce an excitatory response. D) control sodium channels in the affected membrane. E) are blocked by norepinephrine.

are normally activated by acetylcholine.

Ganglionic neurons usually synapse with preganglionic neurons in the ________ and have axons that innervate ________. A) brain; visceral effectors B) autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors C) visceral effectors; autonomic ganglia D) visceral effectors; brain E) brain; spinal cord

autonomic ganglia; visceral effectors

A certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. This drug probably binds to ________ receptors. A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha-1 adrenergic D) alpha-2 adrenergic E) beta-1 adrenergic

beta-1 adrenergic

A neuron with nicotinic receptors is exposed to acetylcholine. This will not lead to A) activation of chemically gated ion channels. B) excitation of the neuron. C) entry of sodium ion. D) binding of the nicotine to the channel. E) activation of muscarinic receptors.

binding of the nicotine to the channel.

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic region are called ________ ganglia. A) intramural B) collateral C) chain D) paravertebral E) suprarenal

collateral

Autonomic motor neurons A) cause general relaxation. B) cause general excitation. C) conduct impulses from sensory receptors. D) conduct impulses to skeletal muscles. E) conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands.

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)? A) exertion B) trauma C) digestion D) stress E) All of the answers are correct.

digestion

What brain structure is considered to be the headquarters for the ANS?

hypothalamus

Which brain area is considered to be the headquarters of the ANS? A) cerebral cortex B) thalamus C) limbic system D) hypothalamus E) brain stem

hypothalamus

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the A) cerebrum. B) pons. C) thalamus. D) hypothalamus. E) medulla oblongata.

hypothalamus.

Stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells does not result in A) the formation of cAMP. B) increased heart rate. C) increased force of contraction. D) increased metabolism. E) inactivation of G proteins.

inactivation of G proteins.

Which of the following would be an example of higher-level control of autonomic function? A) gagging on food that does not appeal to you B) a violent coughing attack in response to an irritant C) increased heart rate when you see a person you fear D) dilation of the pupils when you enter a dark room E) increased salivation when you smell food that appeals to you

increased heart rate when you see a person you fear

) Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except A) vasoconstriction to digestive organs. B) vasodilation to skeletal muscle. C) increased heart rate. D) increased release of insulin. E) increase in alertness.

increased release of insulin.

Parasympathetic stimulation A) increases heart rate. B) increases gastric motility. C) causes sweat glands to secrete. D) causes blood vessels in the skin to dilate. E) causes the pupils to dilate.

increases gastric motility.

Sympathetic innervation of the urinary bladder is by way of the ________ ganglion. A) celiac B) superior mesenteric C) inferior mesenteric D) pudendal E) pelvic

inferior mesenteric

The celiac ganglia do not innervate the A) liver. B) spleen. C) stomach. D) pancreas. E) intestines.

intestines.

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia would not affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) salivary glands. D) lungs. E) lacrimal glands.

lacrimal glands.

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system are located in the A) lateral gray horns of the cervical cord. B) anterior gray horns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord. C) lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. D) anterior gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord. E) lateral gray horns of T1 to S2 of the spinal cord.

lateral gray horns of segments T1 to L2 of the spinal cord.

As the result of an accident, the white rami of spinal nerves T1 and T2 on the left side of Brad's body are severed. What organ(s) would you expect might be affected by this injury?

left pupil and heart

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________. A) long; short B) short; long C) long; long D) short; short

long; short

The sympathetic collateral ganglia include all of the following except the A) celiac. B) superior mesenteric. C) inferior mesenteric. D) lumbar E) None of the answers is correct.

lumbar

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors A) nicotinic cholinergic B) muscarinic cholinergic C) alpha D) beta E) both muscarinic cholinergic and beta

muscarinic cholinergic

Intramural ganglia in the large intestine, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs are innervated by the ________ nerves. A) spinal B) splanchnic C) ciliary D) pelvic E) collateral

pelvic

A visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the CNS is called a(n) ________ neuron. A) upper motor B) lower motor C) preganglionic D) postganglionic E) somatomotor

preganglionic

What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem? A) somatic motor neuron B) preganglionic neuron C) sensory neuron D) ganglionic neuron E) astrocyte

preganglionic neuron

Two terms that both refer to internal organs are A) sympathetic and parasympathetic. B) viscera and somatic. C) splanchnic and ganglionic. D) splanchnic and viscera. E) somatic and preganglionic.

splanchnic and viscera.

Preganglionic fibers that innervate the collateral ganglia form the A) suprarenal medulla. B) celiac ganglia. C) sympathetic chain ganglia. D) inferior mesenteric ganglia. E) splanchnic nerves.

splanchnic nerves.

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of A) sympathetic activation. B) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. C) increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus. D) stimulation of the cardioacceleratory reflex. E) stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.

stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.

Postganglionic fibers that innervate targets in the body wall or thoracic cavity originate on neurons within A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) sympathetic chain ganglia. D) suprarenal ganglia. E) white rami.

sympathetic chain ganglia.

Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A) A) somatic division and sympathetic division B) somatic division and parasympathetic division C) enteric division and the central division D) central division and sympathetic division E) sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following? A) somatic division B) craniosacral division C) resting division D) thoracolumbar division E) both somatic division and craniosacral division

thoracolumbar division

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s). A) splanchnic B) facial C) vagus D) glossopharyngeal E) trigeminal

vagus

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons.

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A) A) Baroreceptors are thermoreceptors that detect changes in temperature. They are primarily located in the skin and hypothalamus. B) Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs. C) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies. D) Baroreceptors are nociceptors that detect pain. They are located throughout the somatic and visceral systems of the body. E) Baroreceptors are chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH. They are located within the medulla oblongata and in the carotid and aortic bodies.

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.

Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division. (Module 14.2B) A) In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs. B) In the SNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs. C) In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord. D) In the SNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord. E) In the SNS, axons emerge from the cervical and thoracic segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to or within the target organs. In the PNS, axons emerge from the lumbar and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to the spinal cord.

In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.

Compare the SNS with the ANS. (Module 14.1A) A) The SNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. B) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS consists of the brain and spinal cord. C) The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. D) The SNS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes. The ANS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. E) The SNS controls the muscular visceral effectors: smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. The ANS controls the other visceral effectors: glands and adipocytes.

The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.

Describe the solitary nuclei. (Module 14.9C) A) They are large tracts of white matter that link the brain with the spinal cord. B) They are large tracts of white matter that relay sensory information to the cerebellum. C) They are large masses of gray matter in the pons that control respiratory rhythmicity centers. D) They are large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata that serve as processing sorting centers for visceral sensory information. E) They are large masses of gray matter of each side of the medulla oblongata that relay somatic information to the thalamus.

They are large masses of gray matter on each side of the medulla oblongata that serve as processing sorting centers for visceral sensory information.

Neurons that use norepinephrine as a transmitter are called A) cholinergic. B) adrenergic. C) nicotinic. D) muscarinic.

adrenergic

What neurotransmitter is released by all parasympathetic neurons? (Module 14.5B) A) acetylcholine B) epinephrine C) norepinephrine D) dopamine E) serotonin

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released at the sympathetic chain ganglia? A) norepinephrine B) dopamine C) acetylcholine D) endorphin E) All of the answers are correct.

acetylcholine

Postganglionic sympathetic axons release the neurotransmitter ________ at their effector junctions. A) acetylcholine B) nitric oxide C) norepinephrine D) acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine E) None of the answers is correct.

acetylcholine or nitric oxide or norepinephrine

An inhaler used to treat airway constriction in asthma or allergy might contain a drug that A) activates β1 adrenergic receptors. B) activates β2 adrenergic receptors. C) blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors. D) activates β1 or β2 adrenergic receptors. E) activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

activates β2 adrenergic receptors or blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors.

Specialized ganglionic sympathetic neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream are found within the A) intramural ganglia. B) collateral ganglia. C) chain ganglia. D) brainstem. E) adrenal glands.

adrenal glands.

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it A) allows ANS neurons to be silent under normal conditions. B) allows ANS neurons to increase activity on demand but not decrease their activity. C) allows ANS neurons to decrease their activity on demand but not increase their activity. D) allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options. E) provides for a narrow range of control options that keeps target tissues constantly active.

allows ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options.

A decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in A) an increase in vessel diameter. B) a decrease in vessel diameter. C) oscillation in vessel diameter. D) an increase in blood flow through the vessel. E) both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel.

In which of the following organs are both chemoreceptors and baroreceptors associated with respiratory autonomic reflexes? A) only lungs B) only aorta C) only carotid arteries D) both lungs and aorta E) both aorta and carotid arteries

both aorta and carotid arteries

The adrenal medullae secrete A) medullin. B) epinephrine. C) norepinephrine. D) renin. E) both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

both epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Which of the following would lead to increased heart rate? A) increased sympathetic input B) decreased sympathetic input C) increased parasympathetic input D) decreased parasympathetic input E) both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

both increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon A) sympathetic stimulation only. B) parasympathetic stimulation only. C) somatomotor stimulation only. D) both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation. E) sensory receptors sensitive to changes in lung ventilation.

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving A) two nerves from the spinal cord. B) both autonomic and somatomotor nerves. C) both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation. D) nerves from both the brain and the spinal cord. E) two nerves from the spinal cord and both autonomic and somatomotor nerves.

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that innervate the heart pass through the A) celiac plexus. B) hypogastric plexus. C) cardiac plexus. D) pterygopalatine ganglia. E) otic ganglia.

cardiac plexus

Name the plexuses innervated by the vagus nerve. (Module 14.4B) A) brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses B) sacral and pelvic plexuses C) cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses D) cervical, cardiopulmonary, celiac, and sacral plexuses E) cervical, celiac, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses

cardiac, celiac, inferior mesenteric, and hypogastric plexuses

Which of the following is not a parasympathetic ganglion? A) ciliary B) pterygopalatine C) submandibular D) otic E) celiac

celiac

Each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers except A) increased sweat secretion. B) reduced circulation to the skin. C) decreased heart rate. D) dilation of the pupils. E) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles.

decreased heart rate.

Which of the following is an example of a parasympathetic visceral reflex? A) defecation reflex B) cardioacceleratory reflex C) pupillary reflex D) ejaculation (in males) in response to tactile stimuli E) vasomotor reflex

defecation reflex

Injury to the neurons of a collateral ganglion would affect the function of the A) heart. B) pupils. C) sweat glands. D) digestive tract. E) arrector pili muscles.

digestive tract.

Damage to the ventral roots of the first five thoracic spinal nerves on the right side of the body would interfere with the ability to A) dilate the right pupil. B) constrict the right pupil. C) dilate the left pupil. D) constrict the left pupil. E) smile and frown.

dilate the right pupil.

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except A) reduction in the rate of cardiac contraction. B) constriction of the pupils. C) dilation of the airways. D) stimulation of urination. E) stimulation of defecation.

dilation of the airways.

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. A) opposing B) complementary C) dual

dual

Drugs known as beta-blockers may be useful for treating A) constipation. B) diarrhea. C) excessive salivation. D) excessive heart rate. E) depressed heart rate.

excessive heart rate.

Mary accidentally ate poisonous mushrooms that contain muscarine. What would not occur? A) constriction of the pupils B) constriction of respiratory passageways C) diarrhea D) reduction in heart rate E) feeling of euphoria and increased energy

feeling of euphoria and increased energy

Which structure carries postganglionic fibers for distribution in the body wall and limbs? A) gray ramus B) dorsal ramus C) spinal nerve D) white ramus E) ventral root

gray ramus

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic pelvic nerves synapse on neurons located within ________ ganglia. A) pterygopalatine B) ciliary C) coccygeal D) inferior mesenteric E) intramural

intramural

Nicotinic receptors A) respond to epinephrine. B) respond to norepinephrine. C) open chemically gated sodium ion channels. D) are found at neuroeffector junctions of the autonomic nervous system. E) open chemically gated calcium ion channels.

open chemically gated sodium ion channels.

Baroreceptors are not found in the A) digestive tract. B) lungs. C) colon. D) aorta. E) oral cavity.

oral cavity.

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) thoracolumbar D) visceral E) somatomotor

parasympathetic

Starting in the spinal cord, trace the path of a nerve impulse through the sympathetic ANS to its target organ in the abdominal cavity. (Module 14.3A) A) preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity B) preganglionic neurons (S2-S4) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity C) collateral ganglia — preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity D) collateral ganglia — preganglionic neurons (S2-S4) — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity E) ganglionic neurons — preganglionic neurons ((T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

preganglionic neurons (T1-L2) — collateral ganglia — ganglionic neurons — visceral effectors in abdominopelvic cavity

Which of the following visceral reflexes is not coordinated by the medulla oblongata? A) swallowing reflex B) baroreceptor reflex C) coughing reflex D) cardioacceleratory reflex E) pupillary reflex

pupillary reflex

Ganglionic neurons in the adrenal gland A) are located in the adrenal cortex. B) release acetylcholine into blood capillaries. C) release epinephrine into blood capillaries. D) have no known function. E) are modified and can't release neurotransmitters.

release epinephrine into blood capillaries.

The stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors does not lead to A) an increase in metabolic activity. B) relaxation of airway smooth muscle. C) the breakdown of triglycerides within adipocytes. D) cardiac muscle stimulation. E) release of calcium from the ER.

release of calcium from the ER.

Chemoreceptors that play an important role in reflexive control of respiratory function are not affected by A) pH. B) PO2. C) PCO2. D) hydrogen ion concentration. E) sodium ion concentration.

sodium ion concentration.

Name the two types of motor pathways. (Module 14.7B) A) sympathetic and parasympathetic B) sensory and somatosensory C) somatic and visceral D) peripheral and visceral E) external and internal

somatic and visceral

Which division of the ANS is responsible for the physiological changes you experience when startled by a loud noise? (Module 14.2D) A) enteric division of the ANS B) sympathetic division of the ANS C) parasympathetic division of the ANS D) central division of the ANS E) effector division of the ANS

sympathetic division of the ANS

In general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when A) sympathetic stimulation is increased. B) sympathetic stimulation is decreased. C) parasympathetic stimulation is increased. D) parasympathetic stimulation is decreased. E) somatomotor stimulation is increased.

sympathetic stimulation is increased.

What brain structure relays somatosensory information? (Module 14.11B) A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) midbrain D) pons E) medulla oblongata

thalamus

1) The statement "There is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the CNS and the effector organ" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "Preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "It initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "It sends its preganglionic fibers to terminal or intramural ganglia" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "Its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is A) true only for the parasympathetic nervous system. B) true only for the sympathetic nervous system. C) true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. D) not true for either the parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous systems. E) true only for the somatic nervous system.

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Which of the following provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? A) vagus nerves B) sciatic nerves C) glossopharyngeal nerves D) pelvic nerves E) splanchnic nerves

vagus nerves